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CPHMLS > Week 9: Introduction To NCD Epidemiology > Flashcards

Week 9: Introduction To NCD Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of NCD?

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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2
Q

Characteristics of NCD

A
  • Complex etiology
  • Non-contagious origin
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
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3
Q

Types of NCD

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Chronic respiratory disease
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic neurologic disorders
  • Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases
  • Unintentional injuries
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4
Q

Risk factors of NCD

A
  • Behavior or lifestyle
  • Environmental exposure
  • Hereditary
  • Modifiable/Non-modifiable
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5
Q

What are factors that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention?

A

Non-modifiable risk factors

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6
Q

What are factors that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of development of a disease?

A

Modifiable risk factors

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7
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A
  • Physical inactivity
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol use
  • Unhealthy diets
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8
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history
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9
Q

Biochemical processes

A

Metabolic risk factor

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10
Q

Metabolic risk factors

A
  • Raised blood pressure
  • Raised total cholesterol
  • Elevated glucose
  • Overweight and obesity
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11
Q

What are the four leading NCDs?

A
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Chronic Respiratory Disease
  • Cancer
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12
Q

Four types of CVD (Cardiovascular Disease)

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Cerebro-Vascular Disease
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease
  • Congenital Heart Disease
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13
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of the blood vessels supplying the brain?

A

Cerebro-Vascular Disease

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14
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle?

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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15
Q

What is the CVD identified as malformations of heart structure existing at birth?

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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16
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs?

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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17
Q

What is the #1 cause of death globally?

A

CVDs

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18
Q

Where do 80% CVD deaths occur in?

A

Low- and middle-income countries

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19
Q

Most deaths from CVDs were due to what type?

A

Coronary heart disease

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20
Q

Next to Coronary Heart disease would be

A

Cerebro-Vascular Disease or Stroke

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21
Q

By 2030, how many people will die from CVDs?

A

Almost 25 million

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22
Q

What is a disorder of metabolism which indicates inadequate control of blood levels of glucose?

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

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23
Q

The pancreas cannot produce and release insulin

A

Type I DM

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24
Q

Insulin resistant; your body does not respond well to insulin

A

Type II DM

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25
Q

This is the type of diabetes when a pregnant woman has uncontrolled blood sugar levels during pregnancy

A

Gestational Diabetes

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26
Q

Type of diabetes that is similar to Type II DM but more prevalent to younger age

A

MODY

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27
Q

What is the meaning of MODY?

A

Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young

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28
Q

Type of diabetes seen in Alzheimer’s Disease — people with Alzheimer’s have insulin resistance

A

Type III DM

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29
Q

What is another leading cause of death?

A

Chronic Respiratory Disease

30
Q

How many percent of deaths due to Chronic Respiratory Diseases occur in low-income countries?

A

90%

31
Q

Risk factors of Chronic Respiratory Diseases

A
  • Cigarette smoke
  • Environmental exposure
  • Genes
  • Age
  • Infections
  • Socio-economic status
32
Q

When abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and go beyond their usual boundaries to invade other parts of the body

A

Cancer

33
Q

What can cause an uncontrollable cell growth?

A

An interplay of genetic changes

34
Q

How many percent of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries?

A

70%

35
Q

Death from cancer are estimated to reach ______ million by 2030.

A

13.1

36
Q

How many percent of cancers are attributable to behavior risk factors?

A

30%

37
Q

A symptom of diabetes which means “always eating”

A

Polyphagia

38
Q

A symptom of diabetes which means “always urinating”

A

Polyuria

39
Q

A symptom of diabetes which means “always drinking”

A

Polydipsia

40
Q

Another sign/symptom of diabetes besides polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria

A

Weight loss

41
Q

Cancer of the female reproductive system

A

Cervical Cancer

42
Q

99% of Cervical cancers are linked to what?

A

Genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)

43
Q

Other risk factors of Cervical Cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Birth control pills for a long time (5 or more years)
  • Having given birth 3 or more children
  • Having several sexual partners
44
Q

Does lung cancer affect more men or women?

A

Men

45
Q

Two main types of lung cancer:

A
  • Small cell lung cancer
  • Non-small cell lung cancer
46
Q

Which type of lung cancer is more deadly?

A

Non-small cell lung cancer

47
Q

Risk factors for lung cancer

A
  • Exposure to smoke
  • Occupational exposure
  • Family history
48
Q

What are the three types of smoking?

A

Firsthand smoking
Secondhand smoking
Thirdhand smoking

49
Q

Type of smoking which is characterized as passive smoking and which inhales smoke directly from an active smoker

A

Secondhand smoking

50
Q

Type of smoking — Active smoking

A

Firsthand smoking

51
Q

Type of smoking where nicotine or other chemicals left in a variety of indoor surfaces are inhaled

A

Thirdhand smoking

52
Q

Which cancer occurs commonly in women and rarely in men?

A

Breast cancer

53
Q

__ of 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer

A

1

54
Q

Risk factors of breast cancer

A
  • Hormone therapies
  • Weight and physical activity
  • Genetics or Family history
  • Age
55
Q

What is the most reliable risk factor of breast cancer?

A

Age

56
Q

What genes can cause breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

57
Q

What is the 3rd most common type of cancer?

A

Colorectal cancer

58
Q

Risk factors of colorectal cancer

A
  • Aging
  • Unhealthy diet and low exercise
  • Diabetes
  • Family history of colorectal cancer
59
Q

What is the main role of epidemiologists?

A
  • They address the problem before they happen
  • They prevent the occurrence of the risk factors; most especially the modifiable part of risk factors
60
Q

Challenges for the surveillance for non-communicable diseases:

A
  • Lag time between exposure and health condition
  • More than one exposure for a health condition
  • Exposure linked to more than one health condition
61
Q

Causal links

A
  1. Physiologic risk factors
  2. Behavioral risk factors
  3. Underlying drivers
62
Q

Physiologic risk factors

A
  • Raised blood pressure
  • Overweight/Obesity
  • Raised blood glucose
  • Raised lipids
63
Q

Behavioral risk factors

A
  • Tobacco use
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Physical inactivity
  • Harmful use of alcohol
64
Q

Underlying drivers

A
  • Social determinants of health
  • Globalization
  • Urbanization
  • Population aging
65
Q

What are the leading risk factors?

A
  1. High blood pressure
  2. Tobacco use
  3. High blood glucose
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. Overweight and obesity
  6. High cholesterol
  7. Unsafe sex
  8. Alcohol use
  9. Childhood underweight
  10. Indoor smoke from solid fuels
66
Q

Formula for calculating pack years

A

(Average # of packs smoked per day) x (# of years you smoked)

67
Q

How many cigarettes are in a pack?

A

20

68
Q

Every cigarette you smoke reduces your expected life span by how long?

A

11 minutes

69
Q

How many people does tobacco kill each year?

A

Nearly 6 million

70
Q

Annual death toll for tobacco use could rise to more than 8 million by what year?

A

2030

71
Q

How many percent of the world’s 1 billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries?

A

80%

CPHMLS (10 decks)

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