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Week 9: Introduction To NCD Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of NCD?

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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2
Q

Characteristics of NCD

A
  • Complex etiology
  • Non-contagious origin
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
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3
Q

Types of NCD

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Chronic respiratory disease
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic neurologic disorders
  • Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases
  • Unintentional injuries
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4
Q

Risk factors of NCD

A
  • Behavior or lifestyle
  • Environmental exposure
  • Hereditary
  • Modifiable/Non-modifiable
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5
Q

What are factors that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention?

A

Non-modifiable risk factors

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6
Q

What are factors that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of development of a disease?

A

Modifiable risk factors

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7
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A
  • Physical inactivity
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol use
  • Unhealthy diets
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8
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history
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9
Q

Biochemical processes

A

Metabolic risk factor

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10
Q

Metabolic risk factors

A
  • Raised blood pressure
  • Raised total cholesterol
  • Elevated glucose
  • Overweight and obesity
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11
Q

What are the four leading NCDs?

A
  • Cardiovascular Disease
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Chronic Respiratory Disease
  • Cancer
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12
Q

Four types of CVD (Cardiovascular Disease)

A
  • Coronary Heart Disease
  • Cerebro-Vascular Disease
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease
  • Congenital Heart Disease
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13
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of the blood vessels supplying the brain?

A

Cerebro-Vascular Disease

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14
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle?

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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15
Q

What is the CVD identified as malformations of heart structure existing at birth?

A

Congenital Heart Disease

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16
Q

What is the CVD identified as diseases of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs?

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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17
Q

What is the #1 cause of death globally?

A

CVDs

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18
Q

Where do 80% CVD deaths occur in?

A

Low- and middle-income countries

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19
Q

Most deaths from CVDs were due to what type?

A

Coronary heart disease

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20
Q

Next to Coronary Heart disease would be

A

Cerebro-Vascular Disease or Stroke

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21
Q

By 2030, how many people will die from CVDs?

A

Almost 25 million

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22
Q

What is a disorder of metabolism which indicates inadequate control of blood levels of glucose?

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

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23
Q

The pancreas cannot produce and release insulin

A

Type I DM

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24
Q

Insulin resistant; your body does not respond well to insulin

A

Type II DM

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25
This is the type of diabetes when a pregnant woman has uncontrolled blood sugar levels during pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
26
Type of diabetes that is similar to Type II DM but more prevalent to younger age
MODY
27
What is the meaning of MODY?
Maturity Onset Diabetes of Young
28
Type of diabetes seen in Alzheimer’s Disease — people with Alzheimer’s have insulin resistance
Type III DM
29
What is another leading cause of death?
Chronic Respiratory Disease
30
How many percent of deaths due to Chronic Respiratory Diseases occur in low-income countries?
90%
31
Risk factors of Chronic Respiratory Diseases
- Cigarette smoke - Environmental exposure - Genes - Age - Infections - Socio-economic status
32
When abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and go beyond their usual boundaries to invade other parts of the body
Cancer
33
What can cause an uncontrollable cell growth?
An interplay of genetic changes
34
How many percent of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries?
70%
35
Death from cancer are estimated to reach ______ million by 2030.
13.1
36
How many percent of cancers are attributable to behavior risk factors?
30%
37
A symptom of diabetes which means “always eating”
Polyphagia
38
A symptom of diabetes which means “always urinating”
Polyuria
39
A symptom of diabetes which means “always drinking”
Polydipsia
40
Another sign/symptom of diabetes besides polyphagia, polydipsia, and polyuria
Weight loss
41
Cancer of the female reproductive system
Cervical Cancer
42
99% of Cervical cancers are linked to what?
Genital infection with human papillomavirus (HPV)
43
Other risk factors of Cervical Cancer
- Smoking - Birth control pills for a long time (5 or more years) - Having given birth 3 or more children - Having several sexual partners
44
Does lung cancer affect more men or women?
Men
45
Two main types of lung cancer:
- Small cell lung cancer - Non-small cell lung cancer
46
Which type of lung cancer is more deadly?
Non-small cell lung cancer
47
Risk factors for lung cancer
- Exposure to smoke - Occupational exposure - Family history
48
What are the three types of smoking?
Firsthand smoking Secondhand smoking Thirdhand smoking
49
Type of smoking which is characterized as passive smoking and which inhales smoke directly from an active smoker
Secondhand smoking
50
Type of smoking — Active smoking
Firsthand smoking
51
Type of smoking where nicotine or other chemicals left in a variety of indoor surfaces are inhaled
Thirdhand smoking
52
Which cancer occurs commonly in women and rarely in men?
Breast cancer
53
__ of 8 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer
1
54
Risk factors of breast cancer
- Hormone therapies - Weight and physical activity - Genetics or Family history - Age
55
What is the most reliable risk factor of breast cancer?
Age
56
What genes can cause breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRCA2
57
What is the 3rd most common type of cancer?
Colorectal cancer
58
Risk factors of colorectal cancer
- Aging - Unhealthy diet and low exercise - Diabetes - Family history of colorectal cancer
59
What is the main role of epidemiologists?
- They address the problem before they happen - They prevent the occurrence of the risk factors; most especially the modifiable part of risk factors
60
Challenges for the surveillance for non-communicable diseases:
- Lag time between exposure and health condition - More than one exposure for a health condition - Exposure linked to more than one health condition
61
Causal links
1. Physiologic risk factors 2. Behavioral risk factors 3. Underlying drivers
62
Physiologic risk factors
- Raised blood pressure - Overweight/Obesity - Raised blood glucose - Raised lipids
63
Behavioral risk factors
- Tobacco use - Unhealthy diet - Physical inactivity - Harmful use of alcohol
64
Underlying drivers
- Social determinants of health - Globalization - Urbanization - Population aging
65
What are the leading risk factors?
1. High blood pressure 2. Tobacco use 3. High blood glucose 4. Physical inactivity 5. Overweight and obesity 6. High cholesterol 7. Unsafe sex 8. Alcohol use 9. Childhood underweight 10. Indoor smoke from solid fuels
66
Formula for calculating pack years
(Average # of packs smoked per day) x (# of years you smoked)
67
How many cigarettes are in a pack?
20
68
Every cigarette you smoke reduces your expected life span by how long?
11 minutes
69
How many people does tobacco kill each year?
Nearly 6 million
70
Annual death toll for tobacco use could rise to more than 8 million by what year?
2030
71
How many percent of the world’s 1 billion smokers live in low- and middle-income countries?
80%

CPHMLS (10 decks)

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