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IASM > Week 9 immunity & inflammation > Flashcards

Week 9 immunity & inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of immunity

A
  1. Innate immunity

2. Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

3 Levels of innate immunity

A
  1. Defence barrier
  2. Cellular - phagocytes and NK cells
  3. Humoral - soluble factors
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3
Q

3 Types of soluble factors

A
  1. Acute phase protein
  2. Complements
  3. Interferons
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4
Q

3 Functions of complements

A
  1. Cytolysis
  2. Chemotaxis - attract phagocytes
  3. Opsonization
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5
Q

4 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
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6
Q

Receptors that neutrophils and macrophages are equipped with

A

Pattern Recognition receptors (PRRs):

for recognition of pathogens

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7
Q

Functions of neutrophils and macrophages

A

Neutrophils

  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Production of anti-microbial proteins
  3. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines

Macrophages:

  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Production of free radicals: toxic to bacteria and intracellular parasites
  3. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
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8
Q

Main Function of Natural Killer Cells

Substance present inside NK cell

A
  1. Kill cancer cells or virus-infected cells
  2. Secrete cytokines

Contains
Cytotoxic granules with perforins (pore-forming protein) and granzymes (promote apoptosis)

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9
Q

Receptors possessed by NK cells

A
  1. Killer activating receptor (KAR)

2. Killer inhibitory receptor (KIR)

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10
Q

4 Effector Functions of complement proteins

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Cytolysis: attack membrane
  4. Inflammation
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11
Q

Definition of cytokines

An important type of cytokine in immune function

A

Proteins made by cells that can module behaviour/function/differentiation of other cells

Important type:
interferons

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12
Q

Functions of interferons

A
  1. Suppress viral replication in infected cells -> limit viral spread
  2. Activate other immune cells -> enhance viral clearance
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13
Q

2 Arms of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Humoral immunity

2. Cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

What are primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

Give an example of each

A

Primary lymphoid organs:
for development and maturation of lymphocytes
(e.g. thymus, bone marrow)

Secondary lymphoid organs:
for differentiation of lymphocytes
(e.g. spleen, lymph nodes)

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15
Q

What are immunoglobin and its basic structure?

A

Antibodies

Basic structure:
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains
-> Variable region (Fab)
-> Constant region (Fc)

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16
Q

Major effector functions of B cells

A
  1. Production of antigen-specific antibodies

2. Production of cytokines

17
Q 
Functions of T cells
which class of MHC molecules does it recognize?
A

CD8+ (cytotoxic T cell):
recognize peptide on MHC class I on antigen-presenting cell
mediate cytotoxic killing of antigen-specific target cell

CD4+ (helper T cell):
recognize peptide on MHC class II
produce cytokines -> modulate functions of other immune cells
18
Q

3 Phases of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Recognition
  2. Activation
  3. Reaction
19
Q

4 General Functions of B cells

A
  1. Neutraliziation
  2. Opsonization
  3. Complement activation
  4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
20
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Pain
  4. Loss of function
  5. Heat
21
Q

3 Outcomes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Healing by scar
  3. Progression into chronic inflammation
22
Q

4 Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Antigen specific
  2. Diverse repertoire
  3. Immunological memory
  4. Self and non-self discrimination
23
Q

3 Major differences between primary and secondary responses

A
  1. Time of induction
  2. Magnitude of reaction
  3. Decline in reaction after reaction phase
24
Q

2 levels of self and non-self discrimination

A
  1. Central tolerance:
    deletion of self-reactive T/B cells in primary lymphoid organ
  2. Peripheral tolerance:
    deletion(apoptosis)/inactivation (anergy)/suppression of self-reactive T/B cells in secondary lymphoid organs
25
Q

Components involved in acute inflammation

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Chemical mediators
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Neutrophils
26
Q

2 Categories of chemical mediators released during acute inflammation

A
  1. Cell-derived mediators (e.g. histamine from mast cell)

2. Plasma protein-derived mediators (e.g. complement system)

27
Q

How do vasodilation and increased vascular permeability help in inflammation?

A

Vasodilation:
Facilitates migration of neutrophils out of blood vessels by moving them to peripheral zone (margination) as vessel is packed with slow-moving RBC

Increased vascular permeability:

  1. Immunoglobins move to damaged tissues
  2. Coagulation proteins move into tissue for blood clot formation
28
Q

How do neutrophils reach injury site?

A 
1. Leave blood vessel
adhesion molecules (selectin and integrin) stick leukocytes to endothelial cells -> emigration
  1. Move to site of injury by chemotaxis
    Neutrophils recognize concentration gradient of chemoattractants -> move by amoeboid movement
29
Q

What are chemokines?

A

small proteins that can cause migration of cells

30
Q

4 Common causes of acute inflammation

A
  1. Physical agent - burn
  2. Biological agent - bacteria, fungi
  3. Chemical agents
  4. Hypersensitivity
31
Q

4 Functions of monocytes (macrophages)

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Antigen presentation
  3. Secretion of mediators
  4. Induction of general effects
32
Q

What are antigens

A

Cellular structures that induce immune responses

33
Q

Composition of fungal cell membrane

A

Ergosterol

34
Q

3 classifications of fungus

A
  1. Yeast - unicellular
  2. Mould - multicellular
  3. Dimorphic fungi -
    yeast at 37oC
    mould at 25oC
35
Q

4 Histological hallmarks of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells
  2. Granulation tissue
  3. Tissue destruction and fibrosis
  4. Regeneration
36
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

A special type of chronic inflammation

Characterized by formation of granuloma - collection of modified macrophages called ‘epitheloid cells’

IASM (18 decks)

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