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IASM > Week 8 Microbes > Flashcards

Week 8 Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

5 stages of infection

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal Period (not all illness have this period)
  3. Specific Illness Period
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescence
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2
Q

5 Factors affecting incubation period

A
  1. Microbial inoculum (dose)
  2. Route of inoculation
  3. Rate of replication of microbe
  4. Host susceptibility
  5. Host immune response
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3
Q

What is latent infection?

A

After convalescence

Microorganism remains in patient’s body, when immune system of host declines -> maybe reactivation

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4
Q

2 Types of microbes generally

A
  1. Pathogens

2. Non-pathogens - do not cause disease

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5
Q

2 Immunities

A
  1. Innate immunity - at birth, no memory

2. Acquired immunity - organism-specific

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6
Q

6 Basic steps of pathogenesis of infection

A
  1. Encounter
  2. Entry
  3. Spread - local and beyond
  4. Multiplication
  5. Damage
  6. Outcome
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7
Q

What is virulence factor?

A

Micorbial factors that enhance the organism’s ability to colonize, invade and multiply inside host

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8
Q

The chain of infection

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. Exit Portal
  4. Transmission
  5. Entry Portals
  6. Susceptible Host
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9
Q

Major routes of transmission

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Contact - direct/indirect
  4. Bites/cuts/wounds
  5. Iatrogenic - involves blood transfusion/transplantation
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10
Q

3 Types of bacteria according to staining properties

A
  1. Gram-positive bacteria (violet/dark blue)
  2. Gram-negative bacteria (red/pink)
  3. Cell wall-deficient bacteria
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11
Q

Common diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria

A
  1. Urinary tract infection
  2. GI tract infection
  3. Sexually-transmitted diseases
  4. Zoonoses
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12
Q

4 types of bacteria morphologically

A
  1. Cocci - spherical
  2. Bacilli - rod-shaped
  3. Spirochaetes - curved
  4. Cell wall-deficient
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13
Q

Important component of bacterial cell wall

only present in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

Function: give structural integrity in bacterial cell

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14
Q

Difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell wall

A

Gram-positive bacteria: thick peptidoglycan layer

Gram-negative bacteria: thin peptidoglycan layer -> lipid outer membrane (less permeable to antibiotics)

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15
Q

4 types of bacteria according to oxygen requirement

A
  1. Strictly aerobic
  2. Facultatively anaerobic
  3. Microaerophilic
  4. Strictly anaerobic
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16
Q

4 Pathogenic mechanisms of bacteria

A
  1. Invasion
  2. Toxin
  3. Immunopathology
  4. Oncogenesis
17
Q

6 Infectious agents

A
  1. Helminths
  2. Protozoa
  3. Fungi
  4. Bacteria
  5. Virus
  6. Prion
18
Q

5 Mechanisms of action of antibacterial agents

A
  1. Peptidoglycan Synthesis
  2. Protein Synthesis
  3. Nucleic acid Synthesis
  4. Folate Synthesis
  5. Cell membrane integrity
19
Q

What is viraemia?

A

Presence of virus in blood

20
Q

Virus replication cycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Viral protein synthesis
  5. Viral nucleic acid replication
  6. Virus assembly
  7. Viral release
21
Q

3 Pathogenic mechanisms of virus

A
  1. Cytolysis
  2. Immunopathology
  3. Oncogenesis - induction of tumours
22
Q

2 General ways of viral diagnosis

A
  1. Detect the virus

2. Detect the host antibody response

23
Q

What is prion?

A

Infectious protein

24
Q

Medically important groups of parasites

A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Helminths: nematodes, trematodes, cestodes
  3. Arthropods
25
Q

Life cycle of parasites

A
  1. Agent: parasite itself
  2. Vector: for transmission
  3. Intermediate host: harbours asexual stage
    Definitive host: harbours sexual stage (mature)
26
Q

Microorganism causing malaria

A

Protozoa: Plasmodium spp. (genus)

27
Q

What are relapse and recrudescence?

A

Relapse:
recurrence of symptoms after complete initial clearing of parasitaemia

Recrudescence:
recurrence of symptoms after initial parasitaemia is reduced to a very low level (not completely cleared)

28
Q

Vector for natural transmission of malaria

A

Female Anopheles mosquitoes

IASM (18 decks)

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