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IASM > Week 4 Skin, epithelium & connective tissue > Flashcards

Week 4 Skin, epithelium & connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 Layers of skin

A
  1. Epidermis - stratified epithelium
  2. Dermis - connective tissue
  3. Subcutis - fat
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2
Q

4 Layers of epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Granulosum
  3. Stratum Spinosum
  4. Stratum Basale
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3
Q

3 Importance of the dermo-epidermal junction (DEJ)

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Cellular migration
  3. Cellular signalling
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4
Q

What are the 2 major protein fibres in dermis? What are their main functions?

A
  1. Collagen - tensile strength

2. Elastin - Elasticity

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5
Q

Main functions of the subcutis layer

A
  1. Energy reserve (adipose tissue)
  2. Cushion effect
  3. Insulation
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6
Q

4 Classes of pilosebaceous unit and their locations

A
  1. Terminal - scalp, beard
  2. Vellus - majority of skin
  3. Apopilosebaceous - axilla, groin
  4. Sebaceous - face, chest, back
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7
Q

3 phases of cyclical hair growth

A
  1. Anagen - growing
  2. Catagen - regressing
  3. Telogen - resting (hair shedding occurs)
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8
Q

What is the type of skin that doesn’t contain any pilosebaceous unit? Characteristics? Example?

A

Glabrous skin

  • non-hair bearing
  • lack of hair follicles and sebaceous gland
    e. g. palm, sole
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9
Q

Characteristics of sebaceous gland

A
  1. Large and well-developed in fetus
  2. size rapidly reduced after birth
  3. Regain of function at puberty
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10
Q

2 Types of sweat glands

A
  1. Eccrine - entire body surface

2. Apocrine - axilla, genitalia, mammary areas

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11
Q

2 Types of perspiration

A
  1. Insensible perspiration - passive evaporation from skin surface
  2. Active sweating - mainly through eccrine glands
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12
Q

4 Functions of nail

A
  1. Mechanical protection
  2. Enhance sensory discrimination
  3. Dexterity (scratching/grooming)
  4. Cosmetic accessory
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13
Q

What are the skin appendages?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Nail
  3. Adnexal structures - pilosebaceous unit, eccrine glands, apocrine glands
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14
Q

4 Components of the pilosebaceous unit

A
  1. Hair shaft
  2. Hair follicle
  3. Sebaceous gland
  4. Arrector pili muscle
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15
Q

Origin of skin (development)

A

Ectoderm: nervous system, epidermis
Mesoderm: dermis, skin appendages

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16
Q

7 Functions of skin

A
  1. Mechanical barrier
  2. UV protection
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. IMmunity
  5. Sensation - innate + adaptive
  6. Endocrine - production of vitamin D
  7. Communication
17
Q

6 Functions of epithelium

A
  1. Cover surfaces and cavities of body2
  2. Protection
  3. Secretion
  4. Absorption (e.g. digestive epithelium)
  5. Transport
  6. Sensory
18
Q

5 Common properties of epithelium

A
  1. Avascular
  2. Little/no intercellular matrix
  3. Junctional structures
  4. Rest on basement membrane
  5. Contains cytokeratin
19
Q

What is the basement membrane made up of?

A

Basal lamina (type IV collagen) + Reticular lamina (type I collagen)

20
Q

2 types of special epithelia

A
  1. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with globet cells (in respiratory epithelium)
  2. Transitional epithelium - allow changes in shape
    (e. g. in bladder)
21
Q

Special types of simple epithelium (single layer)

A
  1. Mesothelium: lining of pleural and abdominal cavities, surfaces of internal organs
  2. Endothelium: lining of all blood vessels and lymphatics
22
Q

Specializations at different surfaces of epithelium

A
  1. Apical surface: microvilli / cilia
  2. Lateral surface: junctional complex
  3. Basal surface: adhesion to basal lamina/anchoring junction(actin or hemidesmosomes)/basal membrane infolding (interdigitation)
23
Q

What is a single cell gland? Where is it found?

A

Goblet cell

found in tracheal and intestinal epithelium

24
Q

3 Modes of secretion

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
25
Q

5 types of exocrine glands

A
  1. Simple tubular
  2. Simple coiled tubular
  3. Simple branched tubular
  4. Simple branched acinar
  5. Compound tubuloacinar
26
Q

5 Main functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Support epithelium
  2. Protection
  3. Connect tissues/organs
  4. Tissue repair
  5. Extracellular matrix is important in regulating behaviour in cells
27
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue composed of?

A
  1. Ground substance

2. Fibrous components

28
Q

What makes up the gel-like ground substance of connective tissue?

A
  1. Proteoglycans

2. Glycoproteins

29
Q

3 Types of fibers in ECM of connective tissue

A
  1. Collagen fibers (type I collagen)
  2. Elastic fibers (elastin)
  3. Reticular fibers (type III collagen)
30
Q

3 Broad types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Specialized connective tissue (e.g. adipose tissue, blood, lymphatics, cartilage, bone)
  3. Embryonic connective tissue
31
Q

3 criteria for classification of connective tissue`

A 
1. Abundance of fibers: 
loose/dense
2. Arrangement of fibers:
irregular/regular
3. Nature of fibers:
white (collagen) / yellow (elastin)
32
Q

6 Common types of cells found in connective tissue and their functions

A
  1. Fibroblasts: synthesize fibres and ground substance
  2. Macrophages: phagocytosis
  3. Plasma cells: antibody production
  4. Mast cells: release histamine
  5. Fat cells: storage of fat
  6. Leukocytes: defense
33
Q

2 types of adipose tissue

A
  1. Unilocular adipose tissue (white) - 1 large fat vacuole, common in adults
  2. Multiocular adipose tissue (brown) - several fat vacuoles in each cell, important for baby
34
Q

3 types of specialized connective tissues

A
  1. Cartilage and bone
  2. Adipose
  3. Haemopoietic tissue

IASM (18 decks)

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