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KNPE400 > Week 9: Ethical foundations > Flashcards

Week 9: Ethical foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Morals/morality

A

A sense of right and wrong
Related to your values, duty and character

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2
Q

Ethics

A

A systematic study of and reflection on morality
A system of moral beliefs that deal with the concepts of right and wrong

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3
Q

Personal morality

A

The values and principles individuals personally live by and believe to be morally right and sound

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4
Q

Group morality

A

The values that are adopted as part of a self-selected subgroup

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5
Q

Societal morality

A

What our society approves of being right and acceptable

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6
Q

What influences our personal ethics and morals?

A

Personal/spiritual/religious beliefs
Authority figures
Family
Culture
Social norms
Personal experiences

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7
Q

Teleological theory

A

Focus is on the effect, the consequences or the end result
Minimizing adverse consequences will bring about the greatest good

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8
Q

Teleological theory quote

A

“The end justifies the means”

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9
Q

Deontological theory

A

Focus is on the rules without particular concern for the consequences
Forms the basis for religious commandments and edicts, professional codes of conduct and societal laws

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10
Q

Deontological theory quote

A

“Don’t lie. Don’t steal. Don’t Cheat”

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11
Q

Biomedical ethics

A

A field of study and professional practice interested in ethical issues related to health
*field continues to grow with advances in medical technology

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12
Q

Why are health care ethics unique?

A
  • Patients are injured and are in pain and are therefore more vulnerable to exploitation
  • Delivery of health care to patients is often necessary on an emergency basis
  • Consequences of bas decisions have the potential to be life altering or result in dire consequences
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13
Q

Ethical principles

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Beneficence
  3. Non-maleficence
  4. Justice
  5. Fidelity
  6. Veracity
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14
Q

Autonomy

A

Self determination that is free from controlling interferences by others and personal limitations preventing meaningful choice
To have self governance or to function independently

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15
Q

Beneficence

A

Patient care is in the best interest of the patient
“do only good”

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16
Q

Non-maleficence

A

“doing no harm”
Providing care without doing harm by omission or commission

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17
Q

Justice

A

Fairness

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18
Q

Two types of justice

A
  1. Distributive
  2. Comparative
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19
Q

Distributive justice

A
  • How equitably are health care services distributed at the societal level?
    - Are resources equally available?
    - Are certain diseases more likely to get attention?
    - Is there an unequal distribution of resources at end or beginning of life?
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20
Q

Comparative justice

A

Distribution of health care services at the level of the individual

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21
Q

Issues with comparative justice

A
  • Reimbursement and denial of care involving individual patients
  • Disparate treatment of patients based on age, disability, gender, race, ethnicity or religion
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22
Q

Fidelity

A

Maintaining your commitments to your patients, your profession, your employer etc.

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23
Q

Veracity

A

Duty to be truthful and honest

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24
Q

CKO’s Principles of ethical conduct

A

REACH
R- respect
E- excellence
A- autonomy and well-being
C- communication, collaboration and advocacy
H- honesty and integrity

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25
Q

Respect

A

Members are respectful of the differing needs of each individual and honour the patient’s right to privacy, confidentiality, dignity and treatment without discrimination

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26
Q

Excellence

A

Members are committed to excellence in professional practice through continued development of knowledge, skills, judgement and attitudes

27
Q

Autonomy and well-being

A

Members are at all times guided by a concern for the patient’s well-being; patients have the right to self-determination and are empowered to participate in decisions about their health-related quality of life and physical functioning

28
Q

Communication, collaboration and advocacy

A

Members value contribution of all individuals involved in the care of the patient

29
Q

Honesty and integrity

A

Each member’s commitment to act with honesty and integrity is fundamental to the delivery of high-quality, safe and professional services

30
Q

RIPS model

A

The realm-individual process-situation model of ethical decision-making

31
Q

Three components of RIPS

A
  1. Realm
  2. Individual process
  3. Situation
32
Q

Three realms of RIPS

A
  1. Individual
    2.Organizational/institutional
  2. Societal
33
Q

Individual realm of RIPS

A

Concerned with the good of the patient/client and focuses on rights, duties, relationships,
and behaviours between individuals
**deals with the
least complex problems

34
Q

Organizational/institutional realm of RIPS

A

Concerned with the
good of the organization and
focuses on structures and systems that will facilitate organizational or institutional goals

35
Q

Societal realm of RIPS

A

Concerned with the common
good
**most complex realm

36
Q

Four components of moral behaviour (individual process)

A
  1. Moral sensitivity
  2. Moral judgement
  3. Moral motivation
  4. Moral courage
37
Q

Moral sensitivity

A

Involves recognizing, interpreting, and framing ethical situations.

38
Q

Moral judgement

A

Requires deciding on right versus wrong actions; involves generating
options, selecting, and applying ethical principles.

39
Q

Moral motivation

A

Places a priority on ethical values over other values, such as self-interest, status, or financial gain. Professionalism is a primary “motivator” for ethical behavior

40
Q

Moral courage

A

Involves implementing the chosen ethical action, including the development a plan and perseverance in the face of barriers and adversity.

41
Q

Types of ethical situations

A
  1. Issue/problem
  2. Dilemma
  3. Distress
  4. Temptation
  5. Silence
42
Q

Issue/problem

A

Important values are present or may be challenged

43
Q

Dilemma

A

Two alternative courses of action may be taken,
both of which fulfill an important duty, and it is not
possible to fulfill both obligations
“right versus right” decision

44
Q

Distress

A

You know the right course of action but are not
authorized or empowered to perform it; may present as a later “complication” of any of the ethical situations.
Ethical
Often identified during the implementation phase of decision-making

45
Q

Tempation

A

Involves a choice between a “right” and a “wrong,”
and in which you may stand to benefit from doing
the wrong thing
“right versus wrong” situation.

46
Q

Silence

A

Ethical values are challenged, but no one is
speaking about this challenge to values. This may
actually be the course taken by an individual who
is experiencing moral distress.

47
Q

Steps to implementing the RIPS model for ethical decision making

A
  1. Recognize and define ethical issues
  2. Reflect
  3. Decide the right thing to do
  4. implement, evaluate and re-assess
48
Q

Step 1- recognize and define ethical issues

A

Define the issues by…
1. Analyzing the realm
2. Individual process (moral behaviour)
3. Classify the ethical situation

49
Q

Step 2: Reflect

A

Who are interested parties?
What are relevant laws, regulations, professional standards and code of ethics?
What are the possible consequences?
Are any of the right vs wrong tests positive?

50
Q

Four tests for right versus wrong situations

A
  1. Legal test
  2. Stench test (does it feel wrong)
  3. Front-page test (how would you like this on the front page of your local newspaper)
  4. Mom test
51
Q

Step 3: Decide the right thing to do

A

Decide which approach to ethical dilemmas you will be taking

52
Q

Three basic approaches to solving ethical dilemmas

A
  1. Rule-based
  2. Ends-based
  3. Care-based
53
Q

Rule based approach

A

Follow the rules, duties, obligations, or ethical principles already in place

54
Q

Ends based approach

A

Determine the consequences or outcomes of alternative actions and the good or harm that will result for all of the stakeholder

55
Q

Care based approach

A

Resolve dilemmas according to relationships and concern for others

56
Q

Step 4: Implement, evaluate and re-assess

A
  • Implement your plan
  • Personal reflection and professional growth
57
Q

Main word to describe autonomy

A

Self-governance

58
Q

Main word to describe beneficence

A

Do only good

59
Q

Main word to describe non-maleficence

A

Do no harm

60
Q

Main word to describe justice

A

Fairness

61
Q

Main word to describe fidelity

A

Faithfulness

62
Q

Main word to describe veracity

A

Truthfulness

63
Q

CKO’s steps to ethical decision making

A
  1. Recognizing that there is an ethical issue
  2. Identify the problem and who is involved
  3. Consider the relevant facts, laws, principles and values
  4. Establish and analyze potential options
  5. Choose a course of action and implement it
  6. Evaluate outcome and determine if further action is needed

KNPE400 (7 decks)

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