Week 9 - C/V Problems & Anatomy Of Repiration Flashcards
What part of the C/V system does Hypertension affect?
- Venous return
- Preload
- afterload
- vascular tone
-EDV
-ESV
-SV
What part of the C/V system does CAD/MI affect?
- contractility
- ESV
- Stroke volume
What part of the C/V system do arrhythmias affect?
- filling time
- preload
- EDV
- ESV
- SV
- HR
What part of the C/V system does valve disease affect?
- afterload
- EDV
- ESV
- SV
What part of the C/V system does Heart failure affect?
- preload
- contractility
- EDV
- ESV
- SV
- CO
What causes hypertension?
- genetic predisposition
- obesity
- high alcohol consumption
- chronic kidney disease
- endocrine disorders
How is Hypertension treated?
- Thiazide Diuretic
- Ca2+ channel blocker
If resisting treatment
- aldosterone antagonist
- block SNS
What are some causes of Atherosclerosis? (Plaque formation in vessels, causing reduction of lumen size)
- endothelial damage (smoking, diabetes)
- high cholesterol levels
How is Atherosclerosis treated?
Statins - inhibit cholesterol synthesis
What is Thrombosis?
Blood clots forming in circulation - especially areas with static / low blood flow
How is thrombosis treated?
- anticoagulants
- anti-platelet therapy
What is CAD/MI ?
Myocardial infarction - occurs as a result of untreated atherosclerosis of coronary artery, followed by atherothrombosis
How is CAD/MI treated?
- percutaneous coronary intervention (insert a stent + reopen blocked artery)
- thrombolytics - break up clot
What are the 2 types of Valvular Disease?
- stenosis - valves fail to open properly - increases afterload
- regurgitation - valves fail to close properly - results in backflow of blood + reduces SV + CO
How are valvular diseases treated?
Surgery to repair / replace the valves
What are some causes of heart failure?
- diseases increasing workload e.g. hypertension or aortic stenosis
- damage to myocardium e.g. myocardial infarction
What is the difference between right sided and left sided heart failure?
- right sided failure causes peripheral oedema
- left sided failure causes pulmonary oedema
How is heart failure treated?
- Heart transplant
- Left ventricular assist device
- beta blockers
- anti-hypertensives
What is arrhythmia?
A deviation of the heart’s normal sinus rhythm
What are some types of arrhythmia?
- brachycardia (<60 bpm) - treated via pacemaker
- tachycardia (>100 bpm)
- atrial fibrillation - rapid impulses in atria causing it to quiver but not contract
- ventricular fibrillation - cardiac arrest - ventricles quiver but don’t pump blood - rapidly leads to death
What are some functions of the respiratory system?
- provide oxygen to all body tissues
- remove CO2
- reticulate pH
- pathogen defence
What is contained within the upper respiratory tract?
- nose
- pharynx
- paranasal sinuses
- larynx
What is contained within the lower respiratory tract?
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
What are some functional adaptations of the nose?
- vibrissae - hairs to trap dust particles
- conchae - produce turbulence - allows more time to warm + moisten air
- mucosa - goblet cells produce mucous which traps particles - cilia move mucous to pharynx so it can be swallowed
- paranasal sinuses - air filled spaces to lighten skull + resonate sound
