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Body Systems > Week 9 - C/V Problems & Anatomy Of Repiration > Flashcards

Week 9 - C/V Problems & Anatomy Of Repiration Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the C/V system does Hypertension affect?

A
  • Venous return
  • Preload
  • afterload
  • vascular tone
    -EDV
    -ESV
    -SV
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2
Q

What part of the C/V system does CAD/MI affect?

A
  • contractility
  • ESV
  • Stroke volume
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3
Q

What part of the C/V system do arrhythmias affect?

A
  • filling time
  • preload
  • EDV
  • ESV
  • SV
  • HR
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4
Q

What part of the C/V system does valve disease affect?

A
  • afterload
  • EDV
  • ESV
  • SV
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5
Q

What part of the C/V system does Heart failure affect?

A
  • preload
  • contractility
  • EDV
  • ESV
  • SV
  • CO
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6
Q

What causes hypertension?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • obesity
  • high alcohol consumption
  • chronic kidney disease
  • endocrine disorders
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7
Q

How is Hypertension treated?

A
  • Thiazide Diuretic
  • Ca2+ channel blocker

If resisting treatment
- aldosterone antagonist
- block SNS

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8
Q

What are some causes of Atherosclerosis? (Plaque formation in vessels, causing reduction of lumen size)

A
  • endothelial damage (smoking, diabetes)
  • high cholesterol levels
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9
Q

How is Atherosclerosis treated?

A

Statins - inhibit cholesterol synthesis

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10
Q

What is Thrombosis?

A

Blood clots forming in circulation - especially areas with static / low blood flow

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11
Q

How is thrombosis treated?

A
  • anticoagulants
  • anti-platelet therapy
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12
Q

What is CAD/MI ?

A

Myocardial infarction - occurs as a result of untreated atherosclerosis of coronary artery, followed by atherothrombosis

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13
Q

How is CAD/MI treated?

A
  • percutaneous coronary intervention (insert a stent + reopen blocked artery)
  • thrombolytics - break up clot
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14
Q

What are the 2 types of Valvular Disease?

A
  • stenosis - valves fail to open properly - increases afterload
  • regurgitation - valves fail to close properly - results in backflow of blood + reduces SV + CO
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15
Q

How are valvular diseases treated?

A

Surgery to repair / replace the valves

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16
Q

What are some causes of heart failure?

A
  • diseases increasing workload e.g. hypertension or aortic stenosis
  • damage to myocardium e.g. myocardial infarction
17
Q

What is the difference between right sided and left sided heart failure?

A
  • right sided failure causes peripheral oedema
  • left sided failure causes pulmonary oedema
18
Q

How is heart failure treated?

A
  • Heart transplant
  • Left ventricular assist device
  • beta blockers
  • anti-hypertensives
19
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

A deviation of the heart’s normal sinus rhythm

20
Q

What are some types of arrhythmia?

A
  • brachycardia (<60 bpm) - treated via pacemaker
  • tachycardia (>100 bpm)
  • atrial fibrillation - rapid impulses in atria causing it to quiver but not contract
  • ventricular fibrillation - cardiac arrest - ventricles quiver but don’t pump blood - rapidly leads to death
21
Q

What are some functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • provide oxygen to all body tissues
  • remove CO2
  • reticulate pH
  • pathogen defence
22
Q

What is contained within the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • paranasal sinuses
  • larynx
23
Q

What is contained within the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
24
Q

What are some functional adaptations of the nose?

A
  • vibrissae - hairs to trap dust particles
  • conchae - produce turbulence - allows more time to warm + moisten air
  • mucosa - goblet cells produce mucous which traps particles - cilia move mucous to pharynx so it can be swallowed
  • paranasal sinuses - air filled spaces to lighten skull + resonate sound
25
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

To form a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

26
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx - near nose
  • oropharynx - near mouth
  • laryngopharynx - near larynx
27
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A
  • Maintain open airway
  • stop food entering respiratory tract
  • sound production
28
Q

What are some elements of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Tertiary bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

29
Q

what are some features of the trachea?

A
  • lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
  • held open by rings of cartilage which prevents trachea from closing
30
Q

What are some features of the different types of bronchi?

A

Primary bronchi
- supplies each lung
- rings of cartilage
Secondary bronchi
- supplies individual lobes on lung
- plates of cartilage
Tertiary bronchi
- supply segments of lung
- plates of cartilage

31
Q

What is the series from tertiary bronchi to alveoli?

A
  • tertiary bronchi
  • terminal bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar duct
  • alveolar sac
  • alveolus

Body Systems (11 decks)

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