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Body Systems > Week 2 - Homeostasis And Control Systems, Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Week 2 - Homeostasis And Control Systems, Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is the foundation of homeostasis?

A

Negative feedback

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2
Q

How does negative feedback work in the body?

A

A sensor (e.g. baroreceptor) detects a change, which is relayed to an integrating sensor in the body, which relays a signal to an effector (muscle or gland) which then changes a variable to negate the initial change.

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3
Q

How is blood pressure regulated?

A

Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure, which then sends a signal down the glosso-pharyngeal nerve to the medulla oblongata in the brain. This then relays a signal via autonomic nerves to the heart blood vessels, which then accordingly adjusts the blood pressure.

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4
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

When an initial stimulus causes a response which reinforces itself (e.g. nerve action potential, ovulation, blood clotting)

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5
Q

What are the 2 control systems in the body?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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6
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

Central nervous system in spine

Somatic nerves - conscious action in skeletal muscles

Autonomic nerves - divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

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7
Q

Which regions of the spine (CNS) are allocated to which parts of the autonomic NS?

A

Parasympathetic - top and bottom of spine (cranial, cervical, sacral)
Sympathetic - middle (thoracic, lumbar)

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitters are released by the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

A

Symp - noradrenaline
Para - acetylcholine

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9
Q

How are the preganglionic fibres shaped in symp and parasymp?

A

Symp - short
Parasymp - long

(Sympathetic nervous system is a grower, parasympathetic is a shower)

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10
Q

How are the postganglionic fibres shaped in symp and parasymp?

A

Symp - long
Para - short

(Sympathetic nervous system is a grower, parasympathetic is a shower and has performance anxiety)

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11
Q

When is the sympathetic NS active?

A

Stressful situations (fight or flight)

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12
Q

When is the parasympathetic NS active?

A

Vegetative situations (rest and digest)

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13
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues

A

Epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, nervous

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14
Q

What is the function of epithelia?

A

Act as cover surfaces (e.g. skin)
Line cavities and tubes
Form glands

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15
Q

What is the general structure of epithelia

A

Loosely packed cells supported by a basement membrane

Has 2 sides - lumen / surface side (apical side), and basement membrane side (basal side)

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16
Q

How is epithelia classified?

A

Based on number of cell layers and cell shape

Cell layers
- one layer = simple
- more than one layer - stratified

Cell shape
- flat = squamous
- cube = cuboidal
- rectangle = columnar

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17
Q

Simple squamous epithelium (5 facts)

A
  • flat cells
  • oval nuclei
  • one cell layer
  • major function - gas + nutrient exchange
  • location - blood vessels, alveoli
18
Q

Keratinised stratified squamous (5 facts)

A
  • flat surface cells w/ oval shaped nuclei
  • many layers (stratified)
  • keratin producing
  • function - protection, waterproof barrier
  • location - skin
19
Q

Non-Keratinised stratified squamous (4 facts)

A

-Flat surface cells w/ oval nuclei
- many layers
- function - protection, barrier
- location - oral cavity, oesophagus

20
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium (4 facts)

A

Square cells w/ round nuclei
One layer
Function - secretion / absorption
Location - glands, kidney tubules

21
Q

Simple columnar (5 facts)

A

Tall cells w oval, basally located nuclei
One layer
Function - absorption + secretion
Location - gastrointestinal tract
Surface mods - microvilli

22
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (6 facts)

A

Tall
Appears stratified as some cells don’t reach free surface
All cells touch basement membrane
Mods - cilia + goblet cells
Location - trachea + large respiratory airways
Function - mucociliary escalator

23
Q

What are intercellular junctions

A

Specialised areas of cell membrane that binds 1 cell to another

24
Q

What are the 4 intercellular junctions

A

Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

25
Q

Desmosomes (2 facts)

A

Very strong connection between adjacent cells
Resists stretching + twisting

26
Q

Hemidesmosomes (2 facts)

A

Attaches cells to basement membrane
Stabilise position + anchor cell to underlying tissue

27
Q

Tight junction (2 facts)

A

Interlocking proteins tightly bind cells together near apical edge
Prevents passage of water + solutes between cells e.g. digestive tract

28
Q

Gap junctions (2 facts)

A

Cells held together by an interlocking membrane containing a central pore
Allows movement of small molecules and ions between cells - e.g. cardiac muscle

29
Q

What are some functions of connective tissues? (5)

A
  • form structural framework for body
  • protects delicate organs
  • transport fluids + dissolved materials
  • stores energy reserves
  • defends body from microorganisms
30
Q

What are the 2 main groups of connective tissue?

A
  • specialised connective tissue
  • connective tissue proper
31
Q

What is the gross structure of connective tissue?

A
  • cells within an extracellular matrix
  • cell examples: fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophage, mast cells
    extracellular fluid consists of:
  • ground substance
    -tissue fluid
  • fibres: collagen, reticular, and elastic
32
Q

What are some examples of specialised connective tissue?

A

Blood - erythrocytes (cell) in plasma (ex.matrix)
Bone - osteocytes in matrix hardened with calcium + phosphate
Cartilage - chandrocytes in a matrix of medium fluidity

33
Q

What are the 3 main types of connective tissue proper?

A
  • loose areolar
  • dense irregular
  • dense regular
34
Q

Loose areolar connective tissue (LACT)

A

Contains :
- lots of ground substance
- few fibres (collagen + elastin)
- variety of cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages)

Located underneath epithelium that covers + lines the body surface

35
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue (DICT)

A

Contains:
- little ground substance
- many collagen fibres arranged haphazardly
- few cells (mainly fibroblasts)

Resists stretching + distension
Found in dermis of skin

36
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue (DRCT)

A

Contains:
- Little ground substance
- many densely packed parallel collagen fibres
- cells (mainly fibroblasts)

Found in tendons + ligaments

37
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle

A

-skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac

38
Q

What are the similarities of the muscle types?

A
  • elongated parallel to axis of contraction
  • numerous mitochondria
  • contractile elements
39
Q

Skeletal muscle (6)

A
  • moves + stabilises skeleton
  • involved in respiration
  • forms sphincters in digestive + urinary tracts

Long, cylindrical cells
Striated + multinucleated
Innervated by somatic NS

40
Q

Smooth muscle (6)

A
  • located in walls of organs, blood vessels, airways
  • gastrointestinal movement
  • alters diameter of airways + blood vessels

Short, fusiform cells
Non-striated and uninucleated
Innervated by autonomic NS

41
Q

Cardiac muscle (6)

A
  • only in heart
  • maintains blood pressure + movement

Branched muscle fibres
Striated + 1-2 central nuclei
Intercalated discs
Innervated by autonomic NS

Body Systems (11 decks)

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