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PSY2110: Social Psychology > Week 9: Attraction and Relationships > Flashcards

Week 9: Attraction and Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is one simple determinant of interpersonal attraction?

A

propinquity/proximity effect

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2
Q

what is Propinquity/Proximity effect?

A

the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

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3
Q

Why does the Propinquity/Proximity effect work?

A

because of “mere exposure effect”

increases with familiarity which leads to liking

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4
Q

What is mere exposure effect?

A
  • The more exposure we have to a stimulus (whether face-to-face or online), the more apt we are to like it.
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5
Q

We are more drawn to people who are like us (similarity) than those who are our opposites (complementarity). true or false

A

true

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6
Q

what type of relationship is similarity more important?

A

people who want serious, committed relationships

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7
Q

What type of relationships are more common with people who look for more opposites?

A

low-committed relationships (“hookups”)

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8
Q

What culture is effected by similarity the most?

A

individualist cultures

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9
Q

Similarity is a strong predictor of attraction in both friendships and romantic relationships. true or false

A

true

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10
Q

What are 3 reasons similarity is important to attraction?

A
  1. We expect those similar to us will like us.
  2. provide social validation of our beliefs.
  3. enjoyable to spend time with like individuals.
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11
Q

What is reciprocal liking?

A
  • liking someone who likes us in return
  • one of the prime determinants of interpersonal attraction
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12
Q

What is one important influence of reciprocal liking to work?

A

if you like yourself! (have a positive self-concept)

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13
Q

you can only play hard to get and it works if you do so moderately or selectively. true or false

A

true

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14
Q

Does physcial attractiveness strongly influence liking? is men or women more impacted by this?

A

YES, men

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15
Q

What is one assumption about attractive people?

A

“what is beautiful is good”

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16
Q

What is the assumption “what is beautiful is good”?

A
  • assumed that attractive people have desirable qualities (more social, popular, assertive, extroverted, etc..).
  • as a result they often get preferential treatment
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17
Q

highly attractive people tend to develop bad social interaction skills which leads to the self fulfilling prophecy. true or false

A

false –> good social interaction skills

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18
Q

What is the misattribution of arousal?

A

the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

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19
Q

People may mistakenly infer the cause of their physiological arousal is attraction (could be anxious arousal or sexual arousal).
true or false

A

true

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20
Q

What was found in the study done with guys onbridges and female interviewer giving them her number?

A

High bridge –> MORE LIKELY TO BE ATTRACTED TO FEMALE –> misattribution of arousal from the height of the bridge to the woman

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21
Q

What is companionate love?

A
  • The feelings of intimacy and affection we feel for another person when we care deeply.

Ex: nonsexual relationships (close friendships, family)

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22
Q

What is passionate love?

A

The feeling of intense longing accompanied by physiological arousal we feel for another person.

activates the pleasure and reward centre of the brain

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23
Q

When our love is reciprocated, what do we feel?

A

we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy

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24
Q

When loves is not reciprocated, what do we feel?

A

we feel sadness and despair

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25
Q

Why do we love? (2 things)

A
  1. evolution –> maximize reproduction!!
  2. attachement styles
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26
Q

What do women usually prefer in a man based on evolution?

A
  • older
  • financially stable
  • can provide resources and support for children
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27
Q

What do men usually respond to due to evolution?

A
  • physical appearance (younger, healthier, can reproduce successfully)
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28
Q

What was one critique of evolutionary explanation of why we love?

A
  • revealed that both men and womens top characteristics are the SAME
  • men are conditioned by advertising and media images
  • women have less power, and so must consider economic security
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29
Q

What are the top characteristics men and women look for mate selection?

A
  1. warm and loving
  2. honest
  3. trustworthy
  4. pleasant personality
30
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

suggests that our behaviour in adult relationships is based on our experiences as infants with our parents or caregivers

31
Q

What are attachment styles?

A

expectations people develop about relationships, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

32
Q

What are 3 attachment styles?

A
  1. secure
  2. anxious/ambivalent
  3. avoidant
33
Q

What is secure attachment style?

A
  • trust
  • a lack of concern over being abandoned
  • view that one is worthy and well-liked
34
Q

What is an anxious/ambivalent style?

A
  • concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
35
Q

What is an avoidant attachment style?

A

suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed in the past.

36
Q

What attachment style has difficulty forming intimate relationships?

A

avoidant attachment style

37
Q

What are securely attached adults like?

A
  • Easily became close to other people
  • readily trusted others
  • had satisfying romantic relationships
  • Use effective coping strategies in conflict
38
Q

What are avoidant attached adults like?

A
  • uncomfortable becoming close to others
  • found it difficult to trust others
  • had less satisfying romantic relationships.
39
Q

what are anxious/ambivalent adults like?

A
  • likely to be obsessive and preoccupied with their relationships
  • fearing that their partners do not want to be as intimate or close as they desired
40
Q

A study conducted with female same-sex couples in Canada and the United States similarly found that avoidant and anxious attachment are negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. true or false

A

true

41
Q

New research suggests that people may have different attachment styles in different relationships. true or false

A

true

42
Q

Can people learn new an healthier ways of relating to others than they experienced in infancy?

A

yes

43
Q

What is the Social Exchange Theory and what 3 things does it depend on?

A
  • suggests how people feeling about their relationships
  • depends on:
  1. their perception of the rewards and costs of relationship
  2. kind of relationship they deserve
  3. their chances of having a better relationship with someone else
44
Q

In social exchange theory, how happy you are in a relationship is dependent on havinga balance between what two things?

A
  1. REWARDS that come from relationship (positive)
  2. the personal COSTS of maintaining the relationship (negative)
45
Q

Happiness in a relationship can also depend on comparison levels and comparison level for alternatives. what is the difference between these two terms?

A
  • comparison level = People’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they deserve in a relationship
  • comparison level for alternatives = People’s expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in an alternative relationship.
46
Q

What is the investment model? What 3 things does it depend on?

A
  • A theory that states people’s commitment to a relationship depends on:
  1. their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level
  2. their comparison level for alternatives
  3. how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it. (the longer you are with someone, the more you invest into it – shared bank accounts, marriage, kids, etc.)
47
Q

What is one critique of the social exchange theory?

A

ignores fairness and equity in relationships (this is an important variable!)

48
Q

What is the equity theory?

A
  • People are happiest in relationships in which the rewards, costs and contributions each person experiences are roughly equal.
  • Equitable relationships are the most happy and stable
49
Q

Can we be either over-benefited or under-benefited in relationships? if so, how does that make us feel?

A

YES

both make us feel uneasy but more so for the under-benefited person

50
Q

In casual relationships, what do we tend to trade for?

A

“in-kind benefit” / “tit for tat”

  • ex: you lend someone your class notes, then they buy you a latte
51
Q

In intimiate relationships, what do we tend to trade for?

A

very different resources! –> making it hard to determine is equity has been achieved in the relationship!

ex: husband contributes financially, wife contributes housework and caregiving duties

52
Q

Equity concerns vary depending on the type of relationship. What is the difference between “exchange” and “communal relationships”? (see visual on slide 10 of part 2)

A

exchange = Casual relationships governed by the need for a comparable ratio of rewards and costs. (very transactional)

communal = Long-term, close relationships in which people’s primary concern is being responsive to the other’s needs (Support in hard times and being happy when good things are happening)

53
Q

If your relationship is an important part of your identity, what do you have?

A

high relationship identification

54
Q

What are 3 things that make you high in relationship identification?

A
  1. committed individuals rate an attractive individual as less attractive than less-committed individuals –> protecting relationship!
  2. let an attractive alternative partner know that they are “taken”
  3. more forgiving of partners mistakes and shortcoming
55
Q

What are positive illusions?

A
  • the idealizations of our romantic relationships and partners in order to maintain the relationship
  • Fantasies in which we convince ourselves that we have the most wonderful partner and the most wonderful relationship in the world—regardless of the facts
    ex: finding redeeming features in our parnter’s flaws (yes but….)
56
Q

The more we idealize our partner, the greater our satisfaction with the relationship, and the more likely the relationship will endure. true or false

A

true

57
Q

Where does positive illusion work the best?

A
  • problems in relationship are relatively minor
  • partners are socially skilled
  • both are committed to the relationship
58
Q

If you are having serious relationship difficulties the relationship fares better when you adopt a more realistic stance. true or false

A

true

59
Q

What is self-expansion?

A
  • The motivation to expand oneself and fulfill one’s potential
  • proposes that relationships provide an avenue for people to grow and fulfill their potential.
60
Q

Can we get bored after new relationships set in? if so, what do we do?

A

YES
- engage in activities that revive feelings of self expansion (“spice things up”)

61
Q

Studies show that engaging in self-expanding activities with a partner also decreases sexual desire and sexual satisfaction in long-term relationships. true or false

A

false –> INCREASES!

62
Q

What are 4 reasons that relationships end?

A
  1. dissimilarity (nothing in common)
  2. boredom
  3. social exchange: low rewards and high costs, attractive alternative partners, invested little in the relationship
  4. equity: inequity
63
Q

What are 4 strategies used to end a relationship?

A
  1. withdraw/ avoidance
  2. positive tone
  3. manipulative strategies
  4. open confrontation
64
Q

What is an example of the breakup strategy “withdrawl/avoidance”?

A

ghosting

65
Q

What is an example of the breakup strategy “positive tone”?

A

trying to prevent hard feelings by saying “its not you its me”

66
Q

What is an example of the breakup strategy “manipulative strategies”?

A
  • getting a third party to communicate the bad news
  • bf acting very different that would bug you and it would get you to break up with them and then they gaslight you saying that they haven’t changed at all
67
Q

What is an example of the breakup strategy “open confrontation”?

A

sit down and talk at starbs

68
Q

Who suffers the least typically in the breakup?

A
  • the person who initiated the breakup
69
Q

Who suffers the most typically in the breakup?

A
  • the person who was “dumped”
  • report high levels of loneliness, depression, unhappiness, and anger
  • reported experiencing physical disorders too (ex: upset stomach)
70
Q

People experience less distress if they are interested in an alternative relationship but more distress if attractive alternatives are available to their former partner.
true or false

A

truw

71
Q

People who spend time monitoring their ex-partner’s online activity and change in relationship status can experience significant distress.
true or false

A

true

72
Q
A

PSY2110: Social Psychology (13 decks)

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