Week 11: Prejudice

Question 1

What is prejudice?

Answer 1

hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group.

Question 2

Are we all targets or potential targets of prejudice?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

What are some prejudices people hold against others based on?

Answer 3

• race,
• ethnicity,
• age,
• gender,
• sexual orientation,
• religion,
• body size,
• disability (to name a few).

Question 4

What is social categorization?

Answer 4

putting people into groups according to their characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity)

how we make sense of our social world

Question 5

What is a stereotype?

Answer 5

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

ex: “dumb jock” –> anyone who is an athlete all get this label, regardless of individual variation amongst this category of people

Question 6

Are stereotypes resistant to change?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

What is gender stereotyping?

Answer 7

• Exaggerates differences between the sexes
• ignores differences in personality traits and abilities within each gender

Question 8

what are the 2 basic forms sexism can take?

Answer 8

1. hostile sexism
2. benevolent sexism

Question 9

What is hostile sexism?

Answer 9

NEGATIVE stereotypes of women (ex: waeaker, less intelligent then men)

Question 10

What is benevolent sexism?

Answer 10

POSITIVE stereotypes of women (ex: more empathic and nurturing than men)

Question 11

Is gender stereotyping established at an early age? if so, how?

Answer 11

YES
- toys we play with
- associate certain professions with mainly one gender –> influences choice of profession and salary expectations

Question 12

What is discrimintation?

Answer 12

• behavioural component
• Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group

ex: refusing to hire someone because of their race/ethnicity

Question 13

What is modern racism?

Answer 13

Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

Question 14

some people may hold prejudice views without realizing it. true or false

Answer 14

true

Question 15

What is the “implicit association test”?

Answer 15

was a test that detected people’s resposnes to words or pictures on the computer

• their response times reveal hidden prejudice

Question 16

How else have researchers detected people’s prejedices?

Answer 16

by observing their behaviour in different situations

Question 17

What was the purpose of the Moss- Racusin study with stem profs?

Answer 17

both men and women stem profs were contacted and asked to evaluate an application from a student for a “lab manager” position

Question 18

What were the results from the Moss-racusin study with stem profs hiring a lab assistant?

Answer 18

Professors were more willing to…
1. hire the man
2. view the man as more competent
3. offer a higher salary to the man
4. mentor the man

Question 19

look at slide 14 for detecting hidden prejudices through survey studies or questionnaires

Question 20

What are the 4 things that cause prejudice?

Answer 20

1. the way we think
2. what we believe
3. the way we feel
4. the way we assign meaning

Question 21

What is the first step in prejudice?

Answer 21

creatiion of groups (social categorization)

Question 22

What is in-group bias?

Answer 22

The tendency to evaluate in-group members more positively than out-group members

Question 23

Why do we show in group bias?

Answer 23

• because belonging to a group gives us SOCIAL IDENTITY –> leads to SELF-ESTEEM
• part of our self-conept

Question 24

the more strongly one identifies with one’s in-group, the more likely one is to discriminate against an out-group. true or false

Answer 24

true

Question 25

We get a self-esteem boost if we believe that our group is superior and that other groups are inferior. true or false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

How can we reduce prejudice in social categorization?

Answer 26

- promote a common identity between in and out groups

Question 27

To increase prejudice, stereotypes must become activated. true or false

Answer 27

true

Question 28

What was the purpose from the Correll et al. (2002) study?

Answer 28

Examine the effect of ethnicity on shoot/don’t shoot decisions through a video game.

Question 29

What was the results from the Correll et al. (2002) study about ethnicity and shoot/dont shoot on video game?

Answer 29

- When the men in the picture were white, participants made about the same number if errors (armed vs unarmed) - When the men in the picture were black, participants made few errors when they were unarmed - resulted in "shooter bias" --> participants were more likely to shoot, if the people in the pictures were black, whether they were hold a gun or not/

Question 30

How can activation of stereotypes be influenced?

Answer 30

- automatic processing (without control it is triggerd) - controlled info processing (made a conscious decision to supporess stereotype)

Question 31

What were the results from reading 7 about roommates and them being mixed races?

Answer 31

- participants in inter-race rooms reported less satisfaction and less involvement with their roommates than did participants in same race rooms - participants in inter-race rooms had their automatically activated racial attitudes and intergroup anxiety improved over time, but these effects were not seen in students in same-race rooms

Question 32

What are 2 factors that influence automatic activation of stereotypes?

Answer 32

1. motivation to control prejudice 2. need to feel good about ourselves ( activate negative stereotypes when they boost self-esteem and suppress them if they interfere with self-esteem)

Question 33

level of prejudice does not solely depend on stereotypes about a group, but also depends on what else?

Answer 33

meta-stereotypes

Question 34

what are meta-stereotypes?

Answer 34

person’s beliefs regarding the stereotype that out-group members hold about their own group

Question 35

What 2 things cause us to feel negatively towards a group in regards to how they make us feel?

Answer 35

1. group promotes or hinders the values that we cherish 2. we anticipate that interacting with them will be unpleasant

Question 36

What is the most important determinant of prejudice toward a group?

Answer 36

How they make us FEEL

Question 37

Why are stereotypes so persistent?

Answer 37

because of human tendency to make internal attributions --> Ultimate attribution error

Question 38

What is the "ultimate attribution error"?

Answer 38

Our tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

Question 39

What are poor outcomes for out-groups typcially attributed to?

Answer 39

dispositional causes (things about themselves)

Question 40

What are successful outcomes of out-groups typcially attributed to?

Answer 40

situational causes

Question 41

In its extreme, prejudice can lead to hatred, dehumanization, and even genocide. true or false

Answer 41

true

Question 42

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy with prejudice?

Answer 42

When a member of a disadvantaged group is mistreated by a member of a majority group, the disadvantaged person is unlikely to perform well, thereby confirming the majority group member’s negative stereotype and perpetuating the discrimination see example on sldie 32

Question 43

What is the "social identity threat"?

Answer 43

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype.

Question 44

What are some interventions for reducing prejudice?

Answer 44

- exposure to counter-stereotypical examples overtime - contact hypothesis - extended contact hyppthesis

Question 45

What is the contact hypothesis?

Answer 45

Bringing members of different groups together to reduce prejudice certain conditions must be met

Question 46

What certain conditions must be met for contact hypothesis?

Answer 46

- Both groups are of equal status. - They share a common goal (shared interests). - The contact involves intergroup cooperation. - The contact is supported by societal social norms

Question 47

What is the extended contact hypothesis?

Answer 47

Knowing that a member of one’s own group has a close relationship with a member of another group can reduce prejudice with that group ex: a father is homophobic but son brings home a friend who is gay. the father will more likely be able to reduce prejudice towards son's friend because son is member of family