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PSY2110: Social Psychology > Week 11: Prejudice > Flashcards

Week 11: Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prejudice?

A

hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group.

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2
Q

Are we all targets or potential targets of prejudice?

A

yes

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3
Q

What are some prejudices people hold against others based on?

A
  • race,
  • ethnicity,
  • age,
  • gender,
  • sexual orientation,
  • religion,
  • body size,
  • disability (to name a few).
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4
Q

What is social categorization?

A

putting people into groups according to their characteristics (e.g., gender, ethnicity)

how we make sense of our social world

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5
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

ex: “dumb jock” –> anyone who is an athlete all get this label, regardless of individual variation amongst this category of people

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6
Q

Are stereotypes resistant to change?

A

yes

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7
Q

What is gender stereotyping?

A
  • Exaggerates differences between the sexes
  • ignores differences in personality traits and abilities within each gender
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8
Q

what are the 2 basic forms sexism can take?

A
  1. hostile sexism
  2. benevolent sexism
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9
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

NEGATIVE stereotypes of women (ex: waeaker, less intelligent then men)

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10
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

POSITIVE stereotypes of women (ex: more empathic and nurturing than men)

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11
Q

Is gender stereotyping established at an early age? if so, how?

A

YES
- toys we play with
- associate certain professions with mainly one gender –> influences choice of profession and salary expectations

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12
Q

What is discrimintation?

A
  • behavioural component
  • Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group

ex: refusing to hire someone because of their race/ethnicity

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13
Q

What is modern racism?

A

Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

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14
Q

some people may hold prejudice views without realizing it. true or false

A

true

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15
Q

What is the “implicit association test”?

A

was a test that detected people’s resposnes to words or pictures on the computer

  • their response times reveal hidden prejudice
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16
Q

How else have researchers detected people’s prejedices?

A

by observing their behaviour in different situations

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17
Q

What was the purpose of the Moss- Racusin study with stem profs?

A

both men and women stem profs were contacted and asked to evaluate an application from a student for a “lab manager” position

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18
Q

What were the results from the Moss-racusin study with stem profs hiring a lab assistant?

A

Professors were more willing to…
1. hire the man
2. view the man as more competent
3. offer a higher salary to the man
4. mentor the man

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19
Q

look at slide 14 for detecting hidden prejudices through survey studies or questionnaires

A
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20
Q

What are the 4 things that cause prejudice?

A
  1. the way we think
  2. what we believe
  3. the way we feel
  4. the way we assign meaning
21
Q

What is the first step in prejudice?

A

creatiion of groups (social categorization)

22
Q

What is in-group bias?

A

The tendency to evaluate in-group members more positively than out-group members

23
Q

Why do we show in group bias?

A
  • because belonging to a group gives us SOCIAL IDENTITY –> leads to SELF-ESTEEM
  • part of our self-conept
24
Q

the more strongly one identifies with one’s in-group, the more likely one is to discriminate against an out-group. true or false

A

true

25
Q

We get a self-esteem boost if we believe that our group is superior and that other groups are inferior. true or false

A

true

26
Q

How can we reduce prejudice in social categorization?

A
  • promote a common identity between in and out groups
27
Q

To increase prejudice, stereotypes must become activated.
true or false

A

true

28
Q

What was the purpose from the Correll et al. (2002) study?

A

Examine the effect of ethnicity on shoot/don’t shoot decisions through a video game.

29
Q

What was the results from the Correll et al. (2002) study about ethnicity and shoot/dont shoot on video game?

A
  • When the men in the picture were white, participants made about the same number if errors (armed vs unarmed)
  • When the men in the picture were black, participants made few errors when they were unarmed
  • resulted in “shooter bias” –> participants were more likely to shoot, if the people in the pictures were black, whether they were hold a gun or not/
30
Q

How can activation of stereotypes be influenced?

A
  • automatic processing (without control it is triggerd)
  • controlled info processing (made a conscious decision to supporess stereotype)
31
Q

What were the results from reading 7 about roommates and them being mixed races?

A
  • participants in inter-race rooms reported less satisfaction and less involvement with their roommates than did participants in same race rooms
  • participants in inter-race rooms had their automatically activated racial attitudes and intergroup anxiety improved over time, but these effects were not seen in students in same-race rooms
32
Q

What are 2 factors that influence automatic activation of stereotypes?

A
  1. motivation to control prejudice
  2. need to feel good about ourselves ( activate negative stereotypes when they boost self-esteem and suppress them if they interfere with self-esteem)
33
Q

level of prejudice does not solely depend on stereotypes about a group, but also depends on what else?

A

meta-stereotypes

34
Q

what are meta-stereotypes?

A

person’s beliefs regarding the stereotype that out-group members hold about their own group

35
Q

What 2 things cause us to feel negatively towards a group in regards to how they make us feel?

A
  1. group promotes or hinders the values that we cherish
  2. we anticipate that interacting with them will be unpleasant
36
Q

What is the most important determinant of prejudice toward a group?

A

How they make us FEEL

37
Q

Why are stereotypes so persistent?

A

because of human tendency to make internal attributions –> Ultimate attribution error

38
Q

What is the “ultimate attribution error”?

A

Our tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people

39
Q

What are poor outcomes for out-groups typcially attributed to?

A

dispositional causes (things about themselves)

40
Q

What are successful outcomes of out-groups typcially attributed to?

A

situational causes

41
Q

In its extreme, prejudice can lead to hatred, dehumanization, and even genocide. true or false

A

true

42
Q

What is the self-fulfilling prophecy with prejudice?

A

When a member of a disadvantaged group is mistreated by a member of a majority group, the disadvantaged person is unlikely to perform well, thereby confirming the majority group member’s negative stereotype and perpetuating the discrimination

see example on sldie 32

43
Q

What is the “social identity threat”?

A

The apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner that confirms an existing cultural stereotype.

44
Q

What are some interventions for reducing prejudice?

A
  • exposure to counter-stereotypical examples overtime
  • contact hypothesis
  • extended contact hyppthesis
45
Q

What is the contact hypothesis?

A

Bringing members of different groups together to reduce prejudice

certain conditions must be met

46
Q

What certain conditions must be met for contact hypothesis?

A
  • Both groups are of equal status.
  • They share a common goal (shared interests).
  • The contact involves intergroup cooperation.
  • The contact is supported by societal social norms
47
Q

What is the extended contact hypothesis?

A

Knowing that a member of one’s own group has a close relationship with a member of another group can reduce prejudice with that group

ex: a father is homophobic but son brings home a friend who is gay. the father will more likely be able to reduce prejudice towards son’s friend because son is member of family

48
Q
A

PSY2110: Social Psychology (13 decks)

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