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PSY2110: Social Psychology > week 3: social perception > Flashcards

week 3: social perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social perception?

A

study of how we form impressions of other people and make inferences about them

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2
Q

What is one thing that can tell us alot about another person?

A

non-verbal communication

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3
Q

What is non-verbal communication?

A
  • consists of non-verbal cues (facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body positions and movement, use of touch, eye gaze)
  • how people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words.
  • can substitute or enhance verbal communication.
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4
Q

What is known as the “crown jewel” of non-verbal communication?

A

facial expressions

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5
Q

What did Charles Darwin believe in regards to facial expressions of emotion?

A
  • primary emotions conveyed by the face are UNIVERSAL
  • All humans “encode”/express these emotions the same way
  • all humans “decode”/interpret emotions the same way
  • all based around evolution –> specie specific not culture specific
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6
Q

Based on cross-cultural research by Elkman, what are the 6 facial expressions of emotion?

A
  • anger
  • happiness
  • surprise
  • fear
  • disgust
  • sadness
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7
Q

Was darwin right about universal emotions?

A

NO!
- context and culture likely influence how facial expressions are interpreted

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8
Q

What was the study done by Masda et al.?

A
  • Purpose was to compare facial expression interpretation between the U.S. (individualistic culture) and Japan (collectivist culture).
  • Method : Participants were given a cartoon drawing of a central person surrounded by others. Asked to judge central figure’s emotion.
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9
Q

What were the results of the Masuda et al. study on facial expressions?

A
  • Americans’ ratings less affected by other group members’ expressions
  • Japanese participants’ ratings influenced by surrounding characters’ expressions.
  • Japanese focused more on context
  • Americans focused more on central character.
  • Overall, participants from collectivistic cultures attend more to background and contextual information than individualistic cultures.
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10
Q

Why is it difficult to decode expressions?

A
  • because of “affect blends”
  • because of Culutral norms on “display rules”
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11
Q

What is affect blends?

A

one part of a person’s face registers one emotion while another part of a person’s face registers a different emotion

ex: eyes show surprise but mouth shows happiness

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12
Q

What are display rules?

A

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviours are appropriate to display

ex: may be more acceptable for men to display anger than it is for women

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13
Q

The more individualistic a culture, the more likely that the expression of emotions is encouraged. true or false

A

true

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14
Q

The more collectivist a cultures, the more likely the expression of strong negative emotions is discouraged because it can disrupt group harmony. true or false

A

true

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15
Q

Besides facial expressions being infleunced by culture, what 2 other forms of non-verbal cues are influenced by culture?

A
  1. eye contact
  2. personal space and touching
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16
Q

What are emblems?

A

-non verbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture
- have direct verbal translations
- NOT universal –> culture dependent
- ex: middle finger in Canada = fuck you , thumbs up in middle east = fuck you

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17
Q

Do we form first impressions quite quickly on the slightest cue or facial appearance?

A

yes

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18
Q

most of the time our first impressions are right. true or false

A

false

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19
Q

What do we use to create a fuller understanding our our first impressions of people?

A

our schemas!
- ex: wearing a lab coat and working in a hospital, apply it to our social role schema for a doctor, get a fuller understanding of what the person is like

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20
Q

Our initial impressions, tend to have “staying power” and influence the traits we believe a person has. true or false

A

true
ex: baby-face = child-like personality traits

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21
Q

What is the implicit personality theory?

A

-type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together.

-Tending to assume someone with one trait also has another.

-ex: shy = unintelligent

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22
Q

does implicit personality theory vary across cultures?

A

yes

23
Q

does decoding non verbal behaviours and using the implicit personality theory happen automatically?

A

yes

24
Q

there is still ambiguity as to what a person’s behaviour really means.
Ex: “I’m fine” = this could mean many things (could mean they are fine or they may not actually), sometimes we have to consciously figure it out

true or false

A

true

25
Q

What do we use to answer the “why” question of peoples behaviours?

A

attribution theory

26
Q

What is the attribution theory?

A

study of how we infer the causes of other people’s behaviour

use immediate observations to form more complex inferences about what people are really like and what motivates them to act as they

27
Q

What 2 attributions do we make when deciding why people behave they way they do?

A
  1. internal
  2. external
28
Q

What is internal attribution?

A

assigns the causes of behaviour to something about the individual (their disposition, personality, attitudes, or character)

29
Q

What is external attribution?

A

assigns the cause to something in the situation

30
Q

What is the covariation model?

A

process of forming an attribution by gathering information on how a person’s behaviour changes (time, place, with other people).

By discovering covariation in people’s behaviour you are able to reach a conclusion about what caused their behaviour.

31
Q

What are the 3 key covariations of information?

A
  1. Consensus information
  2. distinctiveness information
  3. consistency information
32
Q

What is consensus information?

A
  • how other people behave toward the same stimulus.

“Do other people behave the same way?”

33
Q

What is distinctiveness information?

A

how the actor responds to other stimuli.

Do they respond to other people the same way?

34
Q

What is consistency information?

A

frequency with which the observed behaviour between the same person and the same stimulus occurs across time and circumstances.

Does this happen all the time between the actor and the stimulus?

35
Q

When do people tend to use internal attribution if it was about the boss yelling?

A
  • low consensus
  • low distinctiveness
  • low high consistency
36
Q

When do people tend to use external attribution when it is something about Hannah who receives the yelling from her boss?

A
  • high consensus
  • high distinctiveness
  • high consistency
37
Q

Look at slide 28

A
38
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

ex: yelled at the employee because they are mean

39
Q

The fundamental schema most of us have is that people do what they do because of the kind of people they are, not because of the situation they are in.
true or false

A

true

39
Q

By our society having the tendency to use internal attributions to explain other people’s behaviour, what can this lead to?

A

people become stigmatized or victimized as being responsible for their plight

40
Q

Why do we make the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • because of “perceptual sailence”
  • People tend to overestimate the causal role of the information they notice (the person)
  • underestimate the influence of the situation
  • more interested in the person than the situation itself
41
Q

what is perceptual sailence?

A

the information that is the focus of people’s attention

42
Q

What is the two step process we go through when making attributions?

A

First, we make an internal attribution –> assuming the person’s behaviour is caused by something about that person.

Second –> we attempt to adjust this attribution by considering the situation the person was in (external attribution)

ex: late to class (first –> you are lazy, second –> maybe the bus is stuck in traffic)

43
Q

Do we often skip the second step of making attributions?

A

yes!

44
Q

When are we more likely to engage in using the second step of external attribution?

A
  • motivated to be accurate
  • suspicious about a person’s behaviour
45
Q

What is actor/observer difference?

A

tendency to look toward situational explanations for our own behaviour, and toward dispositional (external) explanations for others’

46
Q

What was the Suedfelt’s study looking at with survival of holocaust survivors?

A
  • looking at internal and external attribution for reasons they survived.
  • interviewed people who were jewish who were at the holocaust and who were not

results:
- people who did not go to holocaust = reason they survived because of internal attribution

  • people who were in holocaust = used external attribution to describe their survival
47
Q

What is “self-serving attribution”?

A
  • tendency to take credit for one’s own successes (internal attributions)
  • tendency to blame others or the situation for one’s own failures (external attributions)
48
Q

How do we deal with threats to our self-esteem?

A

develop “defensive attributions”

49
Q

What are defensive attributions?

A

Explanations for behaviour that help us avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

ex: belief in a just world

50
Q

What is “belief in a just world”?

A
  • defensive attribution method
  • The assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
  • Bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people.
  • allows us to be optimistic about the future but also engage in victim blaming
51
Q

What is a “bias blind spot”?

A

tendency to think that others are more susceptible to attributional biases than we are

52
Q

Everyone is susceptible to attributional biases. true or false

A

true!

PSY2110: Social Psychology (13 decks)

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