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Social Psychology > Week 9-Attraction and Close Relationships > Flashcards

Week 9-Attraction and Close Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Waters et al. (2000) found that the percentage of adults who had the same attachment style in adulthood as in infancy was…

A

64%

Stability in Attachment Style

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2
Q

Two kinds of love that appear in most theories of love are:

A

Companionate & Passionate

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3
Q

What are the cognitive strategies that can maintain a relationship?

A
  • Changing the way you perceive your partner so that they more closely resemble your ideal
  • Adjusting your expectations so that your partner can meet them
  • Downplaying your partner’s faults
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4
Q

Whether “The Need To Belong” is fundamental?

A

YES it is fundamental.(Baumeister & Leary, 1995).
Need to satisfy these both components
-> We need positive experiences from other people(the same person)
->Long-term, stable, caring, concern

  • SOCIAL BONDING fundamental to human existence (evolutionary advantage)
  • Babies are naturally oriented toward humans more than non-social objects (Walton et al., 1992)

Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs- LOVE & BELONGING (friendship, family, sexual intimacy)

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5
Q

What is the impact of Being around other people?

A
  • People form social bonds easily without any special circumstances
  • Social bonds form even under aversive conditions(war and conflict form bonds despite circumstances)
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6
Q

What is the impact of NOT Being around other people?

A
  • Deprivation of belongingness has adverse consequences
  • Social exclusion (Social Pain) may be connected to the experience of physical pain (e.g., Eisenberger, Lieberman & Williams, 2003)

Solitary confinement (prison) or initiation ceremonies to gain and get that belonging back.

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7
Q

Attachment Across The Lifespan

A

Bonds we make with other people that gives comfort.
Same Attachment Styles from childhood-adulthood (from cradle till the grave)
Bowlby(1969)–>(Hazan & Shaver, 1987)
1)Secure-Easy to get close to, and depend on others. Don’t worry about getting abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

2) Avoidant-uncomfortable being close to others; finds it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow yourself to depend on them. Nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners want you to be more intimate than you feel comfortable being.
3) Anxious-others are reluctant to get as close you would like. Often worry that your partner doesn’t really love you or won’t want to stay with you. You want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away.

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8
Q

Attachment Across The Lifespan

A

Bonds we make with other people that gives comfort.
Same Attachment Styles from childhood-adulthood (from cradle till the grave)
Bowlby(1969)–>(Hazan & Shaver, 1987)
1)Secure-Easy to get close to, and depend on others. Don’t worry about getting abandoned or about someone getting too close to me.

2) Avoidant-uncomfortable being close to others; finds it difficult to trust them completely, difficult to allow yourself to depend on them. Nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners want you to be more intimate than you feel comfortable being.
3) Anxious-others are reluctant to get as close you would like. Often worry that your partner doesn’t really love you or won’t want to stay with you. You want to merge completely with another person, and this desire sometimes scares people away.

As we grow up romantic and peer relationships become increasingly important.

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9
Q

Love in adult relationships

Define Love and what are the different kinds of love?

A

Love = A combination of emotions, cognitions, commitment and behaviour that can be involved in intimate relationships. EMOTION; COGNITION & BEHAVIOUR

Passionate or romantic love – intensely emotional state; confusion of feelings such as tenderness, sexuality, elation, pain, anxiety, relief, altruism and jealousy.

Companionate love – feelings of friendly affection and deep attachment.

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10
Q

What is interpersonal Attraction Guided By?

A

Combination of ideals, proximity, and situational factors, which allow discovery of similarity

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11
Q

How do relationships endure?

A

Endure when social exchange is profitable, equitable, and partners are committed

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12
Q

What is the THREE FACTOR THEORY OF LOVE? (Hatfield and Walster)

A

Romantic love requires:
1)A cultural determinant that acknowledges love as a state. Society or cultures must have a definition of love.

2) An appropriate love object
3) Emotional arousal, self-labelled ‘love’, when thinking about or interacting with the love object

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13
Q

Triangular Theory of Love (Sternberg)

A

1) Intimacy(liking)
2) Passion(Infatuation)
3) Commitment (cognitive- empty love)

Consummate love- has all 3 factors
Companionate love- Commitment & Intimacy
Romantic love-Passion & Intimacy
Fatuous love-Passion & Commitment

No love has none of these 3 factors

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14
Q

Colour Theory (Lee)

A 
No one type of love
3 PRIMARY kinds of love:
1)Eros-Loving an ideal person
2)Ludos- Love as a game
3)Storage-Love as a friendship

Combination of the two love styles can cause SECONDARY LOVE STYLES:

  • Mania: Obsessive love (Eros & Ludos)
  • Agape: Selfless love(Eros & Storage)
  • Pragma: Practical and realistic love(Ludos & Storage)

Hendrick & Hendrick Questionnaire- Love attitude scale.
Women score higher on Storage and Pragma whilst men score higher Ludos.

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15
Q

Basic Descriptions of the 6 Love Styles (Hendrick & Hendrick)

A

Eros-Passionate love-love is an all-consuming emotional experience

Storage- Friendship/compassionate- Comfortable intimacy that grows out of companionship

Ludos-Gameplaying Love- Enjoy the love game and how to win it

Mania-Possessive love- Emotional; intense; jealous; obsessed with the beloved

Pragma-Logical love-relation works well; compatible partners

Agape-Altrusic love- Unconditional; caring-giving and forgiving

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16
Q

Prototype Theory (Fehr and Russell)

A

6 studies examined how people defined love:
Love is better to understand from a prototype. The natural language of love has an internal structure. Different ways of defining love.

17
Q

Does love to endure? Relationship Maintenace

A
  • A lot of biases
  • ADAPTATION: Adjust to perception “ideals”
  • PARTNER REGULATION: Bring closer to one’s standards, changing behaviours
  • Domestic partners; companions and friends; members of one another’s social networks

Overtime (‘honeymoon period’) - social exchange increases
Passionate love—->Compassionate love
Feel more securely attached to a partner

18
Q

Factors that contribute to an ongoing relationship (Adam & Jones)

A

1) Personal dedication-a positive attraction to a particular partner and relationship
2) Moral commitment-a sense of obligation, social responsibility or religious duty, controlled by the person’s values and moral principles
3) Constrain commitment-factors that make it costly to leave a relationship, e.g. lack of attractive alternatives; various social, financial, legal investments in the relationship. (can’t financially be independent)

19
Q

What do healthy relationships include?

A

Psychological attachment; Long-term orientation; Intention to persist

20
Q

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES to maintain a relationship

A

Cognitive strategies to maintain a relationship
1)Enhance your partner’s virtues and downplay their faults (Murray & Holmes, 1999)

2) Change your expectations to fit more closely with what your partner has to offer (Fletcher, Simpson & Thomas, 2000)
3) Adjust your perceptions so that your partner resembles your ideal (Murray, Holmes and Griffin, 1996)

21
Q

Phases in the breakup of a relationship

A

1) Intrapsychic phase- Thoughts of breakup
2) Dyadic (two-person) phase- Two people discuss the issues. Strategies to change relationship make it better or call it quits.
3) Social phase- Start to tell people loved ones, friends etc.
4) Grave-dressing phase- Reminisce on the past and look for in a future relationship

22
Q

Who are we attracted to?

A

Importance of beauty-subjective? ; Universal characteristics (facial features, physical size); cultural differences (thin or thicker)

23
Q

Finding a mate

A

Chemistry

  • Evolutionary psychology (Buss & Schmidt, 1993): what motivates mate choice is reproductive fitness
    i. e., the opportunity to produce viable offspring. Nurturer/ Producer

-The qualities/characteristics people find attractive are those that signal fitness.

24
Q

Facial Attractiveness

A

Mate preference on healthier.

  • Human attractiveness evolved because of mate preference for healthy, fertile mates. ( Clear eyes and skin)
  • Facial attractiveness ratings

-High agreement in facial attractiveness ratings
Consistent across sexes, sexual orientations, ethnic groups, ages…(correlations 0.3-0.5). SIMILAR AGREEMENT ON FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS ACROSS CULTURES

  • Twin Studies- Monozygotic more symmetrical more attractive than cotwin.
  • Average face
25
Q

Theories of attraction (Fletcher et al)

What are the factors of attraction?

A

1) Ideal characteristics (warmth-trustworthiness, agreeableness; vitality-attractiveness, status-resources)
2) Proximity
3) Familiarity

4) Similarity: birds of a feather flock together
5) Complementarity: opposites attract

26
Q

Festinger et al-Proximity factor- How much does proximity influence attraction?

A

Proximity can foster attraction.
Closer to us. Promote cooperation. Physical proximity is important. Neighbours on the same floor more likely to form friendships.
Stairwells are more likely to make friends.

1) Availability-low cost of interaction
2) Anticipate future interaction

Proximity leads to familiarity which leads to liking

27
Q

Familiarity & Mere Exposure Effect

A

Mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object.

Moreland & Beach (1992)-Likeability increased by attending more lectures

28
Q

Similarity Hypothesis

A

Similarity attitudes, values, traits (e.g., Newcomb, 1961) leads to more liking. MORE IMPORTANT THAN PROXIMITY.
A similar proportion of attitudes. Reinforcement; Reciprocity; Less conflict. Validate our attitudes and like us back. Smoother interactions.

29
Q

Matching Hypothesis (Matching Phenomena)

A

Form successful relationships- social desirability

  • Similar desirability levels (physical, intelligence, wealth) Equal social desirability status.
  • Real-life couples rated more alike in attractiveness levels (Murstein, 1972)
  • Approach equal-status others to avoid rejection
30
Q

Complimentarity Hypothesis-Do opposites attract

A

Fit in with other peoples assets-opposites assets

  • Carson (1969): Complementary levels of dominance/submission attract
  • Dominance/submission dissimilarity linked to attraction and relationship quality (Markey & Markey, 2007)
  • No evidence for opposite attitudes or values

Similar in terms of warmth difference in terms of dominance/submission.

31
Q

Genetic similarity vs complementarity

A

IDEALNESS AND SIMILARITY RATHER THAN COMPLEMENTARITY.

Wedekind et al. (1995)
44 male students wore T-shirt for 2 nights
49 females smelled T-shirts of males with same or different genetic types

Evidence for similarity oral contraception dissimilarity for not taking oral contraception

Krueger & Caspi (1993)
Women completed personality questionnaires
Rated dating profiles similar or different from own personality

32
Q

Emotional Arousal

A

Situation-Dutton & Aron (1974) surveyed men after they had crossed a shaky bridge or a stable bridge
The situation made them think they would contact the opposite person. Shaky bridge-panic arousal made them attracted to other people.

33
Q

Reinforcement-affect Model

A

POSITIVE FEELINGS. Friendships but not long-term relationships.
We like people who are around when we experience positive feelings (Byrne & Clore, 1970)
Situation
Similarity
Ideal characteristics (need satisfaction)
Accounts well for friendships but not long-term relationships

34
Q

Social Equity Model

A

Fairness between relationships-Defines relationship as equitable when the ratio of inputs to outcomes is seen to be the same by both partners. Marriage-mutual exchange of resources.

*Long Term Relationships

Sprecher- satisfaction best predicted by investment. Women’s rewards and equity predicted breakups.

35
Q

Social Exchange Model

A

LONG TERM ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
Humans can satisfy our needs.
-Social environment is a marketplace where humans can satisfy our needs
-Liking and commitment determined by the cost-reward ratio. Comparison levels of how profitable the relationship is.

Minimise cost, maximise rewards.

36
Q

Summary

A
  • We all have a fundamental, evolutionary need to belong and attach to others and suffer if deprived of belonging
  • Theories describe different forms of love, which may differ between relationships and overtime
  • Relationships endure when the social exchange is profitable, equitable, and partners are committed
  • Interpersonal attraction is guided by a combination of ideas, proximity, and situational factors, which allow discovery of similarity

Social Psychology (10 decks)

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