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PAI > Week 9: Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Week 9: Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Diffuse, highly unpleasant, often vague sense of apprehension or foreboding, according to changes in bodily responses and behaviour

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2
Q

When do we experience anxiety?

A
  • situations that threaten our wellbeing

- can serve a protective function, preparing for escape and avoidance

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3
Q

When does anxiety become pathological?

A

When it is more frequent, more severe, or more persistent than one is accustomed to or can tolerate

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4
Q

How do anxiety disorders differ from each other?

A

in the types of objects or situations that induce anxiety

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5
Q

How do anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normative fear or anxiety?

A
  • excessive
  • persistent (typically 6 months or more)
  • balancing force between reward and punishment, whereas fear is just forced on punishment/negatives
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6
Q

List the features of panic attacks

A
  • often perceived as heart attacks
  • feeling of terror or losing control
  • expected or unexpected
  • sudden and last several mins
  • feel exhausted after
  • usually begins in adolescence or early adulthood
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7
Q

What kind of situations can cue panic attacks later?

A
  • driving a car
  • entering a shopping centre
  • travelling on a train
  • thinking about needing to do anything involving a situation where a panic attack has previously occurred
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8
Q

Lifetime prevalence for panic disorder?

A

1.5-2%

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9
Q

Mean age of presentation for panic disorder?

A

25

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10
Q

Depression prevalence in panic disorder?

A

70%

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11
Q

What kind of situations are agoraphobic people fearful of?

A
  • using public transport
  • being in open spaces
  • being in enclosed spaces
  • standing in line or being in a crowd
  • or being outside of the home alone in other situations
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12
Q

Why do agoraphobics avoid situations?

A
  • escape might be difficult

- help might not be available if a panic attack occurs

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13
Q

Where does the word agoraphobia come from

A

Greek word for ‘fear of the marketplace’

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14
Q

Briefly describe generalised anxiety disorder

A

Persistent, diffuse, and excessive anxiety and worry about various domains, including work and school performance that the individual finds difficult to control

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15
Q

What kind of symptoms are in GAD?

A
  • restlessness
  • on edge
  • easily fatigued
  • difficulty concentrating
  • mind going blank
  • irritability
  • muscle tension
  • sleep disturbance
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16
Q

GAD prevalence?

A

2-5% of the population

17
Q

Briefly describe specific phobia

A

Fear or anxiety about or avoidance of specific objects or situations that is persistent and out of proportion to the risk

18
Q

What kind of situations make people with social anxiety anxious or fearful?

A
  • meeting unfamiliar people
  • being observed eating or drinking
  • performing in front of others
19
Q

How would you ideally start an anxiety assessment?

A
  • frequency, intensity, duration and severity of symptoms
  • impact on persons life
  • impact on family
  • what they are not doing because of it
20
Q

What kind of tools assess anxiety

A
  • clinical interviews

- standardised questionnaires

21
Q

Name some clinical interviews for anxiety

A
  • Anxiety disorders interview schedule for DSM-IV

- Structured clinical interview

22
Q

Name some standardised questionnaires

A
  • Beck depression anxiety

- State trait anxiety inventory

23
Q

GAD assessment tools

A
  • penn state worry questionnaire
  • metacognition questionnaire
  • intolerance of uncertainty questionnaire
24
Q

What tools assess specific phobia

A

fear questionnaire

25
Q

What tools assess social anxiety

A
  • the social anxiety questionnaire for patients

- the liebowitz social anxiety scale

26
Q

Name some disadvantages of medication

A
  • difficult to convince client to stop
  • risk of addiction on long term use
  • form of avoidance as they take the anxiety away
  • tolerance curse
27
Q

Advantages of medication

A
  • block physiological effects
28
Q

What we need to do with the client

A
  • negotiate treatment goals
  • provide psychoeducation about the nature of anxiety and the development of anxiety disorders
  • CBT empirically supported for all anxiety disorders
29
Q

Describe exposure

A

Exposing a patient to a feared stimulus, either gradually or intensely (depending on their anxiety level), without them being able to escape or avoid

30
Q

How to implement exposure

A
  • define targets
  • develop hierarchy for exposure
  • teach anxiety management e.g. relaxation breathing
  • develop coping statements
  • develop time line for strategy practice
  • enlist support from sig. others
  • ## review progress
31
Q

What are some treatment challenges?

A
  • often difficult to convince medical practitioners to reduce/cease medication
  • often need to provide psycho education to client and other treatment providers
  • anxiety intolerance
  • unrealistic expectations
  • noncompliance with homework
  • demand for immediate results
  • difficulty in identifying automatic thoughts
  • difficulty relaxing
  • refusal to engage in exposure
32
Q

What is one key factor distinguishing generalised anxiety disorder from panic disorder?

A

Muscle tension

33
Q

List the four specific phobia categories

A
  • blood injection injury
  • animal
  • natural environment
  • other situations
34
Q

Onset of specific phobia?

A

Childhood

35
Q

Briefly describe social anxiety disorder

A

Fearful or anxious/avoidant of social interactions and situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinised or judged negatively by others

36
Q

Lifetime prevalence and gender balance of social anxiety disorder?

A
  • 2.7%

- Males and females equally

37
Q

Describe the Penn state worry questionnaire

A

Assesses overall levels of worry

38
Q

Describe the metacognition questionnaire 30

A

Assesses five general factors of the structure and processes underlying worry

39
Q

Describe the intolerance of uncertainty scale

A

Assesses individuals ability to tolerate uncertainty or incomplete information

PAI (11 decks)

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