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Describing language > Week 9: Anaphora and co-reference > Flashcards

Week 9: Anaphora and co-reference Flashcards

1
Q

Anaphora

A

The use of a word which refers to, or is a substitute for, a preceding word or group of words.

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2
Q

What is anaphora the relationship between?

A

An anaphor and an antecendant

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3
Q

What is the antecedant?

A

The thing being referred back to

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4
Q

What is the anaphor?

A

Something that refers back to a preceding expression (the antecedant)

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5
Q

Cataphora

A

The forward reference relation
(often this is included in the term anaphora)

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6
Q

Anaphoric chain

A

When anaphors are themselves antecedents, creating a chain of linked anaphors

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7
Q

anaphora resolution

A

the process by which the addressee/reader makes the correct anaphoric relations in order for communication to be successful

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8
Q

Deixis

A

a relation where the referent of an expression is determined in relation to features of the utterance act: the time, the place and the participants

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9
Q

What is deixis a type of?

A

exophora

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10
Q

Discourse deixis

A

Deixis where the referent is in the discourse (no longer a type of exophora)

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11
Q

Name three types of anaphoric relations

A

Co-reference
Associative anaphora/indirect anaphora/bridging
Substitution

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12
Q

What is the prototypical and simplest anaphoric relation?

A

Co-reference

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13
Q

What is co-reference?

A

Where the anaphor and antecedent have the same referent.

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14
Q

What semantic relation(s) play a role in co-reference?

A

synonymy and hyponymy/hypernymy

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15
Q

What semantic relation(s) play a role in associative anaphora?

A

meronymy

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16
Q

What is substitution?

A

Where part of an NP is substituted for something else

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17
Q

What words are often used for substitution in English?

A

one
do
so

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18
Q

Give some examples of non-referential noun phrases

A

Copular verb with an indefinite noun phrases
Dummy subjects
Clefting

19
Q

What is generic reference?

A

The noun phrase refers to an entire class of entities rather than a specific entity

20
Q

What is typically excluded from analysis of anaphors?

A

Anything that is not co-reference (substitution and associative reference)

Non-referential noun phrases

Generic reference

Deictic reference

Any anaphor whose antecedent is not a word or group of words.

21
Q

When is a noun phrase definite?

A

When the referent is identifiable.

22
Q

What type of notion is definiteness?

A

Grammatical

23
Q

Noun phrases that are marked as indefinite…

A

…denote a referent that is not identifiable

24
Q

What type of notion are given and new?

A

Pragmatic
They are concerned with the status of the referent in the discourse.

25
Q

What is a given referent?

A

A given referent is known to the hearer/addressee

26
Q

What is a new referent?

A

A new referent is not yet known to the hearer/addressee

27
Q

An anaphor with co-reference denotes a ______ referent, more specifically,…

A

given
…one that is given in the text

28
Q

What is often a new referent?

A

The first antecedent in an anaphoric chain.

29
Q

Give examples of definite noun phrases

A

Proper names
Noun phrases with this/that
Noun phrases with the
Noun phrases with a possessive determiner

30
Q

What is Ariel’s accessibility theory?

A

“referring expressions are actually accessibility markers, i.e.,
expressions cueing the addressee on how to retrieve the appropriate
mental representation in terms of degree of mental accessibility”

31
Q

Which is more accessible:
full name + modifier
full name

A

full name

32
Q

Which is more accessible:
long definite NP
full name

A

long definite NP

33
Q

Which is more accessible:
long definite NP
first name

A

first name

34
Q

Which is more accessible:
short definite NP
last name

A

last name

35
Q

Which thing is least accessible

A

full name + modifier

36
Q

Explain what accessibility represents

A

How much grammatical structure is needed to identify it: something that is highly accessible needs very little grammatical structure to identify it

37
Q

Which thing is most accessible (excluding zero)

A

cliticised pronoun (e.g. herself)

38
Q

Which is more accessible:
NP with this/these
NP with that/those

A

NP with this/these

39
Q

Put these in order of accessibility (low to high):
stressed pronoun
unstressed pronoun
that/those

A

that/those
stressed pronoun
unstressed pronoun

40
Q

Put these in order of accessibility (low to high):
NP with that/those
first name
stressed pronoun

A

first name
NP with that/those
stressed pronoun

41
Q

Put these in order of accessibility (low to high):
stressed pronoun
cliticised pronoun
unstressed pronoun

A

stressed pronoun
unstressed pronoun
cliticised pronoun

42
Q

List 5 things that affect the accessibility of the referent

A
  1. Discourse-given vs discourse-new
  2. Distance between anaphor and antecedent
  3. Intervention of alternative antecedents (disambiguations)
  4. Breaks or interruptions in the discourse
  5. Importance of the referent
43
Q

Endophoric relations

A

In-text phoric relations

44
Q

Exophoric relations

A

Opposite of endophoric relations, i.e. out-of-text phoric relations

Describing language (12 decks)

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