Week 3: semantics Flashcards

1
Q

Mental lexicon

A

Stock of words and associated meanings stored in our brains.

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2
Q

Semasiological approach to meaning

A

Starts with a languages individual lexemes and tries to specify meanings of each one.

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3
Q

Onomasiological approach to meaning

A

Starts with a particular meaning and lists the various forms available for its expression.

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4
Q

Semasiology and onomasiology - linking to dictionary of thesarus?

A

Semasiology = dictionary
Onomasiology = thesaurus

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5
Q

Learning meanings by ostension

A

showing pointing to an object/event

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6
Q

Learning meanings by typical context

A

giving an example of a situation where it would be appropriate to use the word in question

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7
Q

Learning meaning by distribution

A

Using contexts

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8
Q

Learning meanings by synonyms

A

Using lexemes with approximately the same meaning, in the same (thesaurus) or different (bilingual dictionary) languages

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9
Q

Problem with ostentation

A

May not be sufficiently clear, e.g. the gavagai problem

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10
Q

Problem with learning meaning by typical context

A

It can be hard to understand what is does or doesn’t apply to

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11
Q

Problem with learning meaning by synonymns

A

There are rarely exact meaning equivalents; often synonymy is just partial

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12
Q

_____ relationships
Options for blank word

A

Syntagmatic
Paradigmatic

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13
Q

Syntagmatic relationships

A

holds between lexemes which can co-occur in some contexts.

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14
Q

Paradigmatic relationships

A

holds between lexemes which can substitute for one another in some contexts

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15
Q

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships - which is “horizontal” and which is “vertical”?

A

Syntagmatic = “horizontal”
Paradigmatic = “vertical”

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16
Q

Selectional restrictions

A

semantic components which constrain the choice of expressions which can meaningfully be combined with a given lexeme

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17
Q

Paradigm

A

The term for the different inflectional forms (word forms) of the same lexeme.

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18
Q

Hypernym

A

A superordinate word

19
Q

A is a hyponym of B if

A

a) A is a subtype of B
b) The meaning of A is included in the meaning of B
c) If X is A then X is B

20
Q

Entailment

A

If A entails B, then if X is A, X is also B.

21
Q

Taxonomy

A

Like hypernymy but restricted to natural terms (plants, animals, etc.)

22
Q

Co-hyponymns

A

other subordinate words/expressions

23
Q

Meronymy

A

a part-whole relation between the kind of things denoted by A and by B

24
Q

Meronym

A

Term for the parts (in meronymy)

25
Holonym
Terms for the whole (in meronymy)
26
Antonyms
Two items belonging to a single domain that cannot simultaneously apply
27
Semantic knowledge
knowledge of the essential meaning of a word that all speakers must possess and which dictionaries must accurately represent in order to allow the meaning to be acquired for the first time
28
Encyclopaedic knowledge
-not essential to the meaning of a word -can vary from speaker to speaker -not linguistic in nature
29
Gradable pair of antonyms
names points on a scale which have a midpoint
30
Non-gradable pair of antonyms
antonyms that do not contain a midpoint assertion of one entails denial of the other
31
Heteronyms
Expressions that express exclusive alternatives in some domain but there is more than one possibility.
32
Synonymy, antonymy and meronomy are what kind of semantic relationship?
Paradigmatic relationship
33
What types of antonyms are open to comparison?
Gradable
34
What is the neutral member in a pair of antonyms?
In questions and comparative constructions, it serves to invoke the dimension of contrast as a whole.
35
Equipollent gradable antonyms
symmetrical in their distribution and interpretation with neither member having an uncommitted use.
36
autoantonymous
words that are their own opposite
37
lexical synonymy
synonymy between individual lexemes
38
phrasal synonymy
synonymy between expressions consisting of more than one lexeme
39
sense-synonymy
the synonymy of some, but not all, the senses of a word
40
polysemy
the possession of a single phonological form of several conceptually related meanings
41
monosemous
a word containing a single meaning
42
homonymy
where a single phonological form possesses multiple unrelated meanings
43