Week 9 Accessibility

Question 1

Accessibility

Answer 1

“Accessibility refers to the extent
to which the use of an application
or service is affected by the user’s
particular functional limitations
or abilities.”

Question 2

Range of Disabilities (VAPS-CoLLeN)

Answer 2

Visual
Audio
Physical
Speech

Cognitive
Language
Learning
Neurological

Question 3

Accessibility is whose responsibility?

Answer 3

“Accessibility is everyone’s responsibility.”

Question 4

Why Does Accessibility Matter?

Answer 4

Morally/ethically right
Tech has potential to increase “haves” and “have-nots” in society
Acceptability depends on usability and accessibility

Question 5

HCI Accessibility

Answer 5

For any individual user, for each user task, there is a
sequence of accessible input actions and associated
feedback for successful accomplishment.

Question 6

User Diversity Factors (6)

Answer 6

Disabilities and impairments
* Physical disabilities
* Situationally-induced impairments
* Sensory impairments
* Learning disabilities, developmental disorders
Skill level, e.g.,
* Novice
* Expert
Cognitive factors, e.g.,
* Memory
Socio-economic factors
* Digital literacy
* Digital access
* Digital devices
Cultural and linguistic issues
* English vs. non-English speakers
Demographic factors
* Age: children vs. older users

Question 7

Accessibility and Regulations in Canada

Answer 7

Accessibility for Ontarians
with Disabilities Act
(AODA - 2005)

Accessible Canada Act
(ACA - 2019)

Government websites
must be accessible, and
follow the standard on Web
Accessibility

Question 8

Assistive Technologies, what are both branches?

Answer 8

Hardware & Software

Question 9

Assistive Technologies

Answer 9

Promote greater independence for people with disabilities
Provide enhancements or modified methods of interacting with the technology
Enable tasks formally unable or difficult to accomplish
* Chrome screen-reader
* Visual & vibro-tactile direction indicators

Question 10

Alternative Devices Examples

Answer 10

• Alternative keyboards
• Larger keys, one-handed, Braille
• Alternative pointing devices
• Gesture, eye movement
• Mouth or head-mounted devices
• Joysticks, trackballs, touchscreens
• Braille printers/displays/notetaker
• Interaction through breath

Question 11

Hardware Assistive Technology: Shortcomings

Answer 11

Reproducing instead of redesigning
Requires extensive configuration/customization
Implementation/translation barriers
* How do we reproduce graphical images in non-visual form?
* How do we drag & drop for blind users?
Compatibility
Reactive in nature
* rather than proactive

Question 12

Assistive Technology: Software Solutions Examples

Answer 12

• Voice synthesizer
• Voice recognizer
• Screen readers
  (JAWS)
• Text predicter
• Screen magnifiers
• ChatGPT

Question 13

Accessibility integrated into OS

Answer 13

Font sizes, colors
Customization of pointer, sounds
FilterKeys
* Prolonged pressing ignored
* Speed of key repetition customizable
MouseKeys
* KB as a pointing device

Question 14

Universal Access/Design

Answer 14

Accessibility and usability of IT by…
* anyone, anywhere, anytime, and through any media and device
Shifts focus from assistive tech to universal access
Avoid need for post adaptations
Also focus on any person who may differ
with respect to…
* language, culture, computer literacy, or
* other characteristics that put them at
risk for exclusion

Question 15

1. Equitable Use

Answer 15

Provide same means of use for all users:

Provisions for safety, privacy, security
equally available for all users

Appealing to all users

Question 16

2. Flexibility in Use

Answer 16

Offer choice in methods of use

Accommodate left and right-handed use

Facilitate accuracy/precision

Adapt to user’s pace

Question 17

3. Simple and Intuitive

Answer 17

Eliminate unnecessary complexity
Consistent with user expectations
Accommodate wide range of skill
Arrange info in order of importance
Provide effective prompts/feedback

Question 18

4. Perceptible Information

Answer 18

Use redundant modes of presentation
Provide adequate contrast between
info/surroundings
Maximize legibility
Differentiate elements in ways that
can be described

Question 19

5. Tolerance for Error

Answer 19

Arrange elements to minimize hazards

Provide fail safe features

Discourage unconscious action in
tasks that require vigilance

Question 20

Accessibility for Everyone, Everywhere, Anytime. UI works well…

Answer 20

UI works well…

in noisy environments

in situations where it is unsafe to look
at the device

for people with occupied hands

for people distracted, tired, stressed,
in traumatic situation

Question 21

Whom Does Web Accessibility Benefit?

Answer 21

Everyone, people with or without disabilities

Question 22

Whom Does Web Accessibility Benefit? People Without Disabilities

Answer 22

People using devices with smaller and
bigger screens

Older people with changing
abilities due to ageing

People with “temporary
disabilities”

People with “situational
limitations”

People using a slow Internet
connection

Question 23

Common Barriers

Answer 23

Images without alternate text

Misleading use of structural elements

Uncaptioned audio or undescribed video

Lack of alternate information for scripts

Tables that are difficult to decipher when
linearized

Poor colour contrast

Question 24

Standards Bodies Promoting Web Accessibility? Which companies

Answer 24

W3C and WAI

Question 25

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)

Answer 25

WCAG 1.0 * May 1999
WCAG 2.0 * Dec. 2008
WCAG 2.1 * June 2018
WCAG 2.2 * Oct. 5, 2023

Question 26

W3C Guidelines

Answer 26

• WCAG 2.2 has 13 guidelines under 4
  principles (POUR)

Question 27

1. Perceivable

Answer 27

• Provide text alternatives for non-text content.
• Provide captions and other alternatives for
  multimedia.
• Create content that can be presented in different
  ways, including by assistive technologies, without
  losing meaning.
• Make it easier for users to see and hear content

Question 28

2. Operable

Answer 28

• Make all functionality available from a keyboard.
• Give users enough time to read and use content.
• Do not use content that causes seizures or physical
  reactions.
• Help users navigate and find content.
• Make it easier to use inputs other than keyboard.

Question 29

3. Understandable

Answer 29

• Make text readable and understandable.
• Make content appear and operate in predictable
  ways.
• Help users avoid and correct mistakes.

Question 30

4. Robust

Answer 30

• Maximize compatibility with current and future
  user tools.

Question 31

Components of Web Accessibility

Answer 31

Web content
Web browser
Authoring tool
Evaluation tools
Assistive technology
Users’ knowledge and experiences
Developers

Question 32

The Implementation Cycle (1) (Try and understand blankish slides on this)

Answer 32

slide

Question 33

Interdependencies Between Components (Slide 51) but maybe just list the steps

Answer 33

Technical specifications, WAI Guidelines Authoring , Tools Developers Evaluation Tools, User Agents/Assistive Technologies, Users

Question 34

Adding Alternative Text: Three (3) Basic Types of Images

Answer 34

• Decorative: Don’t add information to the content of a page
• Informative: Convey a simple concept or information that
  can be expressed in a short phrase or sentence
• Functional: Used to initiate actions rather than to convey
  information