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706 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Define memory:

A

an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience

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2
Q

Memory is intimately involved in:

A

motor learning

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3
Q

Numerous conditions may detrimentally affect our patients’ memory ability in what two types of memory?

A
  • encoding (formation)

* consolidtaion

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4
Q

Clinical intervention applications for memory are:

A
  • maximize memory formation

* nervous system priming through therapeutic interventions

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5
Q

What are the 2 dimensions that memory can be classified along?

A
  1. nature -of the information stored

2. time course of storage

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6
Q

The nature of the information stored =

A

multiple memory systems

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7
Q

The time course of storage =

A

multi-store model

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8
Q

What are two primary memory systems?

A
  1. declarative

2. nondeclarative

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9
Q

Declarative memory =

A

explicit memory

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10
Q

“knowing that…” is an example of what type of memory?

A

declarative

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11
Q

Two types of declarative memory are:

A
  1. semantic

2. episodic

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12
Q

Semantic memory =

A
  • memory of facts about the world

* information stored may include rules of a game, components of a skill, or neuroscience exam answers

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13
Q

Episodic memory (autobiographical) =

A
  • capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred
  • requires additional brain areas to those for semantic memory
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14
Q

declarative memory is mediated by medial temporal regions of the brain:

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampal gyrus
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15
Q

In the case of H.M., removal of _______________ region to treat seizures

A

medial temporal

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16
Q

procedural memory is an example of what type of memory? and is synonymous with what type of memory?

A

example of nondeclarative

synonymous with implicit

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17
Q

“knowing how…” is an example of ____________ memory

A

procedural

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18
Q

Procedural memory encompasses ______________________________, is recalled without __________________________, and is assessed through ___________________________.

A

Procedural memory encompasses HABITS AND MOTOR BEHAVIORS, is recalled without CONSCIOUS EFFORT, and is assessed through TESTING OF MOTOR SKILLS.

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19
Q

Name the two types of declarative memory:

A
  1. facts
  2. events

(** medial temporal lob diencephalon)

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20
Q

Name the 4 types of nondeclarative memory:

A
  1. procedural (skills and habits)
  2. priming and perceptual learning
  3. simple classical conditioning
  4. nonassociative learning
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21
Q

Two examples of simple classical conditioning are:

A
  1. emotional responses

2. skeletal responses

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22
Q

Procedural memory is mediated by the:

A

striatum

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23
Q

priming and perceptual learning is mediated by:

A

neocortex

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24
Q

emotional responses (of simple classical conditioning) is mediated by:

A

amygdala

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25
Q

skeletal responses (of simple classical conditioning) is mediated by:

A

cerebellum

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26
Q

Nonassociative learning is mediated by:

A

reflex pathways

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27
Q

The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory comprises 3 structural (hardware) components:

A
  1. sensory register
  2. short term (working) memory
  3. long-term storage
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28
Q

The sensory register is also known as:

A

somatosenory memory

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29
Q

somatosensory memory =

A

visual, auditory, proprioceptive, and tactile

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30
Q

Somatosensory memory has a ___________________________ capacity and ______________________ duration.

A

large (almost limitless) capacity and

very short duration (250-1000ms)

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31
Q

The duration allot in somatosensory memory is long enough to:

A

develop perception of stimuli

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32
Q

Sensory register is discarded without:

A

selective attention

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33
Q

selective attention =

A

when the brain filters out unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working (short-term) memory

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34
Q

selective attention occurs between what two phase of memory?

A

between sensory register and working memory

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35
Q

working memory =

A

short term memory

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36
Q

working memory plays a role in processing of:

A

conscious thougts

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37
Q

Working memory is ______________________ capacity and ___________________ duration.

A

small, limited duration (7+- items)

brief duration (20-30 seconds)

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38
Q

without rehearsal, working memory is:

A

lost

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39
Q

Chunking =

A
  • grouping items to make larger collections in memory

* identifying relationships between items

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40
Q

long-term memory is relatively ___________________ capacity for rehearsed items, once transferred from short term memory

A

limitless

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41
Q

long term memory has a ______________ duration

A

possibly lifelong

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42
Q

Forgetting is possible with longterm memory, due to different types of:

A

interference or retrieval failure

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43
Q

Name the 3 stages of memory formation:

A
  1. encoding
  2. consolidation
  3. storage (retention)
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44
Q

encoding involves:

A

rehearsal

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45
Q

consolidation involves:

A

stabilization and enhancement

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46
Q

Storage involves:

A

reactivation (recall)

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47
Q

encoding =

A

memory representation formed

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48
Q

rehearsal =

A

transform represtnation from working memory to long-term storage

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49
Q

consolidation =

A

memory becomes more permanent

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50
Q

stabilization =

A

maintenance of motor skill performance off-line without practice; not dependent on sleep

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51
Q

enhancement =

A

improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent

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52
Q

storage (retention) =

A

maintenance of memory over time

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53
Q

reactivation (recall) =

A

memory brought out of storage for use

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54
Q

training –>

A

memory formation and within-session fast learning

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55
Q

memory formation and within-session fast learning –>

A

consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)

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56
Q

consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning) –>

A

memory reactivation and modification

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57
Q

memory reactivation and modification –>

A

long-term memory retention

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58
Q

At one point of the learning cycle does “susceptibility to interference and/or performance deterioration occur?”

A

between memory formation and within-session fast learning AND consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)

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59
Q

Long-term memory retention leads to –>

A

additional practice, re-testing and/ or sleep

which leads to –> memory reactivation and modification

60
Q

passage of time and/or sleep occurs during:

A

consolidation (stabilization and off-line learning)

61
Q

Encoding =

A

fast learning (aka within session learning)

62
Q

Encoding is the formation of the memory trace during:

A

active practice of task

63
Q

Encoding is defined by rehearsal in:

A

working memory

64
Q

Rehearsal in working memory leads to a shift from hippocampal processing to:

A

respective motor memory centers

65
Q

Working memory is highly influenced by ____________________________ and ____________________________.

A

selective attention and

active problem solving

66
Q

During encoding learner processes:

A

relevant information about a task

67
Q

During encoding, the learner makes an association between what 3 factors?

A
  1. goal
  2. movement
  3. movement outcome
68
Q

Feedback, during encoding, is used to:

A

modulate further responses

69
Q

Manipulation of practice environment will influence:

A

cognitive processing

ex: random vs blocked

70
Q

Encoding lasts ______________, and is ____________ sensitive to disruption.

A

minutes to hours
and
is highly sensitive to disruption

71
Q

The molecular mechanism of encoding involves:

A

short-term potentiation

72
Q

short term potentiation =

A

modification of pre-existing proteins

(ex: • modification of ionic channels
* mobilization of neurotransmitter receptors)

73
Q

consolidation is the ability to stabilize and enhance memories:

A

off-line

74
Q

During consolidation, much of learning takes place when?

A

after practice

75
Q

Molecular mechanisms, of consolidation, that give rise to structural changes in synapses include:

A
  • long term potentiation (LTP)
  • gene transcription
  • protein synthesis
76
Q

Research has identified consolidation as a set of post-acquisition, time-dependent processes where motor memory becomes:

A

more stable over time

77
Q

Off-line processing is the beginning of:

A

storage

78
Q

Off-line process evolves over a __________ hour period

A

4-6

79
Q

Off-line process is believed to encompass start of long-term modifications in synapse ________________ and ________________.

A

strength and number

80
Q

Motor memory consolidation is susceptible to ____________________ by external influences

A

“interference”

81
Q

Newly formed motor memories are consolidated over the course of:

A

multiple hours

82
Q

As the time since motor skill acquisition increases, the susceptibility to interference:

A

decreases

83
Q

Brain activity during motor memory consolidation influences skill:

A

retention and transfer

84
Q

What are two tools in research that have supported consolidation interference?

A

• transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
– Task –> TMS –> Retest
• repetitive magnetic pulses to M1

85
Q

Consolidation metaphor:

A

off the counter-top and into the cub-board

86
Q

The application theory describes that learning and subsequent recall of movement skill can be enhanced by:

A
  1. increasing amount of original learning
  2. fostering understanding of task to be learned
  3. Mnemonics (memory aids)
  4. contextual interference during practice
  5. spacing of practice (distributed practice)
87
Q

Distributed practice effect on practice / protein synthesis:

A

creates more opportunities to kick off protein synthesis –> increase consolidation and increased ability to maintain selective attention

88
Q

Cardiovascular (CV) exercise contributes to ____________________ cognitive function

A

maintaining or enhancing

89
Q

The most powerful influence on executive control tasks involving frontal areas of the brain is:

A

CV exercise

90
Q

Recent data show CV exercise triggers:

A

biochemical cascade that may enhance memory processing

91
Q

The influence of exercise on memory acutely is?

A

CV exercise are time dependent

92
Q

Different stages of memory formation (i.e. encoding, consolidation, recall) are facilitated depending on:

A

time of exercise performance

93
Q

Acute and long-term CV interventions –> 2 fundamentally different distinct stages to:

A

improve memory

94
Q

Exercise bout performed BEFORE or DURING learning exposure activates mechanisms that:

A

lower threshold for acquisition (encoding)

95
Q

Exercise effects may persist after exercise such as:

A
  • may influence initial consolidation process

* largest effects of acute exercise on memory occur with delayed retention (vs. immediate retention)

96
Q

Long-term CV exercise does not improve memory significantly, BUT does have priming effect of:

A

mechanisms for memory processing

97
Q

Long-term CV optimizes the effect of a single bout of:

A

acute exercise

98
Q

True or false: More benefit is gained from EX/ learning if in shape.

A

True

99
Q

There are timing effects of exercise due to ___________ of molecular mechanisms in encoding and consolidation

A

priming

100
Q

A single bout of acute CV exercise results in benefits of priming in molecular mechanisms. Dopamine –>
Epinephrine –>
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) –>

A

short-term
long-term retention
both (short and long)

101
Q

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates survival and differentiation of:

A

neuronal populations during development

102
Q

BDNF promotes differentiation, neurite extension, and survival in:

A

hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellar neurons

103
Q

Acute effects of BDNF -

A

enhance synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability

104
Q

Chronic effects of BDNF -

A

protein synthesis (mRNA translation/ transcription) –> architectural modification of motor centers

105
Q

The BDNF gene regulation and protein release are:

A

activity-dependent

106
Q

In rats, 156% increase in BDNF after 3 days ___________________ exercise

A

voluntary

107
Q

In humans, peripheral BDNF elevate significantly after __________________ exercise.

A

acute aerobic

108
Q

________- response of BDNF is not clear, equiviocal results for chronic exercise on BDNF __________________, and preliminary evidence that BDNF effects ________________ inversely related to VO2max, BMI, ________________ and total cholesterol.

A

Dose

concentrations

triglyceride

109
Q

Increase in physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular) are ____________________ effects of exercise.

A

indirect

110
Q

increase in neurotropic growth factors (eg, BDNF, NT-3) are __________________ effects of aerobic ex.

A

direct

111
Q

increase in neurotransmitters (eg, dopamine, seratonin) are ________________ effects of aerobic exercise.

A

direct

112
Q

Increase in physical fitness (cardiorespiratory and muscular) leads to:

A
  • decrease in systemic and CNS inflammation

* increase in cerebral blood flow

113
Q

Increase in neurotropic growth factors (eg, BDNF, NT-3) leads to:

A
  • increased neuroplasticity
  • increased neurogenesis
  • neuroprotection
114
Q

Indirect and direct effects of aerobic exercise lead to:

A

Brain health
• increased cognitive function (ie, learning, memory, attention), increased mood, increased arousal, increased neurodegeneration

115
Q

Future questions about the influence of BDNF Val66Met single nucleotide polymorphism indicate that _________________ of Caucasian and up to ______________________ of the Asian population have this polymorphism

A

20-30%

70%

116
Q

Potential for ______________ neuronal excitatory transmission or disinhibition in Val66Met population

A

increased

117
Q

Additionally there could be a _______________ modification of BDNF expression.

A

epigenetic

118
Q

Sleep is classified into 2 stages:

A
  1. Non-REM

2. REM

119
Q

Non-rem has ______________ stages?

A

4

120
Q

What is the first stage of non-REM sleep?

A

transition from wakefulness –> sleep

121
Q

What is the second stage of non-REM sleep?

A

conscious awareness fades completely

122
Q

What is stage 3-4 of non-REM sleep?

A

slow wave sleep (slow delta wave activity & deep sleep)

123
Q

REM sleep =

A

paradoxical sleep - EEG pattern similar to normal wakefullness pattern

124
Q

Stages of Healthy Sleep (see slide 42)

A

Stages of Healthy Sleep (see slide 42)

125
Q 
Young adults spend:
\_\_\_\_\_% in REM sleep
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 1 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 2 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% stage 3-4 Non-REM
A

17-23% in REM sleep
3-7% in stage 1 Non-REM
45-55% in stage 2 Non-REM
19-25% stage 3-4 Non-REM

126
Q 
Older adults spend:
\_\_\_\_\_% in REM sleep
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 1 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 2 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% stage 3-4 Non-REM
A

13-20% in REM sleep
7-12% in stage 1 Non-REM
39-55% in stage 2 Non-REM
5-16% stage 3-4 Non-REM

127
Q 
People with stroke spend:
 \_\_\_\_\_% in REM sleep
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 1 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% in stage 2 Non-REM
\_\_\_\_\_% stage 3-4 Non-REM
A

17% in REM sleep
13% in stage 1 Non-REM
61% in stage 2 Non-REM
5% stage 3-4 Non-REM

128
Q

Consolidation is enhanced by:

A

sleep

129
Q

Motor memories are consolidated during repeated cycles of ______________ and _______ sleep.

A

slow-wave and REM sleep

130
Q

Learning of fine motor tasks greater after 90 minute sleep ______________ following practice.

A

immediately

131
Q

Which stage of consolidation is sleep dependent, stabilization or enhancement?

A

enhancement

132
Q

Sequential hypothesis =

A

memories are consolidated through ordered sequence of non_REM followed by REM sleep (both necessary)

133
Q

Declarative memory –>

A

SWS or REM

134
Q

Procedural memory –>

A

stage 2 non-REM or REM

135
Q

Memories likely consolidated off-line through repeated pattern of:

A

non-REM followed by RM

136
Q

Gains in performance observed after both _________________________________ sleep

A

night time and daytime

137
Q

Who benefits from sleep?

A

young healthy adults show:
• increased declarative consolidation with SWS
• procedural consolidation with stage 2 non-REM and REM

138
Q

But, older healthy adults show little off-line sleep-dependent improvement in _____________ learning and _________________ tasks.

A

spatial learning

fine motor tasks

139
Q

Adults with chronic stroke benefit (from sleep) to:

A

implicit and explicit task variations

140
Q

In adults with brain injury, mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent consolidation benefits are:

A

not yet known

141
Q

Clinical applications:
• Conduct PT sessions ____________________________________.
* In a _________________ quiet environment to ensure better sleep
• _______________ following PT sessions
• Assess affects of ________________, ______________ side effects and sleep apnea.

A

later in day/ in evenings

quiet

Nap

affects of depression, medication side effects…

142
Q

PT school application:

A
  1. workout
  2. study
  3. sleep
    (4. repeat)
143
Q

** Multiple forms of memory, supported by distinct brain system

A

** Multiple forms of memory, supported by distinct brain system

144
Q

** Short-term memory involves temporary changes in existing neural circuits and neuronal excitability

A

** Short-term memory involves temporary changes in existing neural circuits and neuronal excitability

145
Q

** Long-term memory involves architectural reorganization of respective memory centers (new protein synthesis and growth)

A

** Long-term memory involves architectural reorganization of respective memory centers (new protein synthesis and growth)

146
Q

** Cardiovascular exercise enhances memory encoding and consolidation on time-dependent basis

A

** Cardiovascular exercise enhances memory encoding and consolidation on time-dependent basis

147
Q

** Sleep plays primary role in memory consolidation

A

** Sleep plays primary role in memory consolidation

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