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706 > Week 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

3 classifications of motor skills

A

Classification 1: movement precision
Classification 2: Nature of movement organization
Classification 3: Environmental Predictability

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2
Q

Free throw shot

A

closed/discrete/gross

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3
Q

Sign language

A

closed/serial/fine

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4
Q

Brushing teeth

A

closed/discrete/fine

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5
Q

Dribbling in soccer (game situation)

A

open/continuous/gross

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6
Q

Using a fork to eat

A

closed/discrete/fine & gross?

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7
Q

Performing soft tissue mobilization

A

closed/serial/gross & fine?

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8
Q

Walking down stairs on crutches

A

closed/serial/gross

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9
Q

Walking through a parking lot on crutches

A

open/continuous/gross

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10
Q

Motor development

A
  • -> growth
  • Motor skill changes across the lifespan
  • Knowledge of this areas influences how we approach optimal growth, preservation of motor skill, and recovery after injury or disease
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11
Q

Motor Control

A
  • -> Physiological
  • AKA neuromuscular control
  • The function of systems that execute and monitor movements
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12
Q

Motor Learning

A
  • -> Behavioral

- Emphasizes brain’s role in acquiring, planning, initiating, and modifying movement skills

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13
Q

Name 5 classifications of Motor Skills

A
  1. Goal-oriented
  2. Body and/or limb movements are required to accomplish the goal
  3. Voluntary
  4. Developed as a result of practice
  5. May be learned, recalled, relearned, and modified
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14
Q

What is learning

A

a relatively permanent change in a person’s capability to execute a motor skills as a result of practice or experience

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15
Q

What 3 elements interact for a movement to occur?

A

Task, person, environment

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16
Q

What four descriptors make up the “person”

A

1) personal characteristics: age, experience
2) cognition : motivation, memory, attention, emotion
3) anatomy: anthropometrics, muscle/ joint function
4) perception: sensory processing

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17
Q

What are 4 examples for defining abilities:

A

1) inherited traits
2) stable and enduring
3) few in number
4) underlie performance of many skills; ie they must be in place to become highly skillful

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18
Q

What are 4 examples define skills:

A

1) developed w/ practice (learned)
2) modifiable
3) many in number
4) depend on diff. subsets ( person, task, EN)

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19
Q

What is neuroplascticity?

A

significant cortical reorganization after CNS lesions

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20
Q

What type of changes are present with immobilization of the ankle in the primary motor cortex (M1)

A

excitability changes

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21
Q

What two events occur after chronic ACL injury?

A

corticomotor excitability diminished in M1 and physiological reorganization

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22
Q

Are increases in cortical excitability greater or lesser later in the day than in a.m.?

A

Greater

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23
Q

Plasticity protocols applied repeatedly at short intervals _______ plastic change?

A

increase

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24
Q

True or false: Individuals who are sedentary have greater capacity for plastic change and enhanced learned/memory than active people.

A

False : Individuals who regularly engage in aerobic activity have greater capacity for plastic change and enhanced learned/memory than sedentary

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25
Q

Individuals under ______ years of age show a greater magnitude of plasticity.

A
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26
Q

How is an individual’s genetic profiles important to neuroplasticity?

A

Neurotrophins: brain-derived neurotrophic factor aka BDNF contribute to altering brain connectivity.

-(large % of population has polymorphhism in BDNF gene that reduces capacity for plastic change)

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27
Q

What is the greatest modality to promote beneficial neuroplastic change with movement dysfunction is ________________?

A

physical activity

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28
Q

A physical therapist will determine the ________, __________, ___________, and _______________ to plan rehabilitation to achieve optimal motor performance.

A

means
environment
dosage
cognitive factors

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29
Q

Provide two reasons for why there are 1 or 2 dimensional taxonomies to classify motor tasks:

A

1) divisions based on similar skill characteristics

2) represent a continuum between 2 extremes.

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30
Q

Name the two categories of movement precision (classification 1):

A

1) gross motor

2) fine motor

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31
Q

What is considered gross motor?

A

Usually multi-limb movement; large muscles activated. Less emphasis on precision

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32
Q

What is considered fine motor?

A

Involves precise movement with smaller muscles

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33
Q

On a scale of 1-4 (1 being fine motor and 4 being gross) rank the following activities: Kicking a soccer ball, walking w/ crutches, making a surgical incision, and picking up a paperclip

A

1) surgical incision
2) picking up a paper clip
3) kicking a soccer ball
4) walking w/ crutches

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34
Q

What are the 3 skill types for the Nature of Movement Organization (classification 2)

A

1) Discrete skill
2) Continuous skill
3) Serial skill

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35
Q

When a single execution completes task =

A

discrete skill

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36
Q

When the beginning and ending are well defined =

A

discrete skill

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37
Q

Typically rhythmic or repetitive in nature =

A

continuous skill

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38
Q

When the beginning and end are arbitrary or environmentally defined (i.e. externally paced) =

A

continuous skill

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39
Q

Requires series of movements to complete task =

A

serial skill

40
Q

Collective sequence of discrete skills =

A

serial skill

41
Q

Name 3 characteristics of discrete skills:

A

1) distinct beginning and end
2) short duration
3) movement prepared in advance

42
Q

Name 3 characteristics of serial skills:

A

1) discrete actions linked together
2) order is important; longer movement time ; practice in parts
3) some prepared in advance, others adjusted during

43
Q

Name 3 characteristics of continuous skills:

A

1) repetitive and rhythmic with arbitrary beginning and end
2) longer time span determined by goal or person
3) ongoing movement adjustments

44
Q

Golf swing is categorized as:

A

discrete

45
Q

Transferring from a wheelchair to bed is categorized as:

A

serial

46
Q

Walking with an assistive device is categorized as:

A

serial / continuous

47
Q

Cross-country is categorized as:

A

continuous

48
Q

Pedaling a stationary bicycle is categorized as:

A

continuous

49
Q

Striking a match is categorized as:

A

discrete

50
Q

What are the 3 skill types for Environmental Predictability (classification 3)

A

1) Closed Skill

2) Open skill

51
Q

High level of predictability =

A

closed skill

52
Q

environmental context features are stationary =

A

closed skill

53
Q

Consistency and refinement are the objectives of:

A

closed skill

54
Q

Variable and unpredictable =

A

open skill

55
Q

Supporting surfaces, objects, and/or other people are in motion during skill performance =

A

open skill

56
Q

Adaptability is the key objective =

A

open skill

57
Q

The stability of the environment may impact the learner differently depending on _____________________.

A

The stage of learning

58
Q

During _____ learning, a ______ environment may be beneficial, requires fewer demands on information processing systems

A

early learning a closed EN

59
Q

With _________ learning, ______ EN may be better as it provides greater variability for greater diversification of skill performance.

A

advance learning, open EN

60
Q

Gentile’s two-dimensional taxonomy combines ______________________ and _____________________.

A

movement precision and environmental stability.

61
Q

Stationary is to _____ skill as in motion is to -_____ skill.

A

closed skill

open skill

62
Q

What are the two sub-classifications of body stability and mobile body?

A

no object manipulation and object manipulation

63
Q

Relatively permanent change in capability to perform a skill as a result of practice or experience that is inferred is ______.

A

learning

64
Q

The observable and measurable outcome of executing a motor skill is:

A

Performance

65
Q

True or false: Performances are measured.

A

True

66
Q

Performance is highly variable and specific to a ____ and _____.

A

Time and place

67
Q

What are 4 ways by which we can infer that learning has occurred?

A

1) Persistent improvement
2) Better consistency - whats one way to measure this?
3) Stability of performance - performance is stable even with disruptions
4) Adaptability - can apply learned skills in differenct contexts

68
Q

What concept do both models for learning assume?

A

That learning starts cognitively and progresses towards automatic movements.

69
Q

Which model for learning emphasizes a description of motor skill performance form stage to stage?

A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

70
Q

Which model for learning focuses on the learning process and instruction occurring during the stages?

A

Gentile 2-stage

71
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Fitts and Posner model?

A

1) cognitive stage
2) associative stage
3) autonomous stage

72
Q

Initial stage of motor skill training- “getting the idea”, ie development of the basis movement pattern

A

cognitive stage (1 of 3)

73
Q

During the cognitive stage (1 of 3) performance is __________________ with lack of consistency from one trial to next.

A

highly variable

74
Q

In what stage are errors large in number and magnitude and learners are not completely aware of how to correct errors?

A

cognitive stage (1 of 3)

75
Q

Improvement is often rapid (in cognitive stage 1 of 3) but, improvement in task knowledge likely exceeds _______________.

A

motor performance.

76
Q

In the associative stage (2 of 3), a person has learned to associate specific environmental cues with ___________________________.

A

the movements required to achieve the goal of the skill

77
Q

In the associative stage, performance is more _______ and less _________.

A

more consistent and less variable (errors are smaller and fewer)

78
Q

During the associative stage it is important to try multiple strategies, but __________________________.

A

know which ones are good and which don’t work

79
Q

An individual in the associative stage can now identify ___________________________.

A

own performance errors

80
Q

What is the most important feature in the autonomous stage (3 of 3)?

A

Attentional resources are now free to be placed on things other than the movement.

81
Q

In the autonomous stage (3 of 3), an individual can do a the skill:

A

without thinking

82
Q

In the autonomous stage (3 of 3), errors can be easily _________ and _________.

A

detected and corrected

83
Q

What are 2 important goals of the initial stage (1 of 2)

A

1) Develop a movement coordination pattern that allows some degree of success
2) Discriminate b/n regulatory and non-regulatory conditions

84
Q

A regulatory conditions includes:

A

how to determine how one must move (eg. size/shape of a cup, amount of liquid in a cup)

85
Q

A non-regulatory condition:

A

eg. color of cup

86
Q

Development of the basic movement patterns, learning rules or strategy and emphasis on figuring out the best movements are characteristics of which stage?

A

Initial (idea of movement) stage

87
Q

Beginners explore a variety of _____________________.

A

movement possibilities

88
Q

When learning, how to we achieve success?

A

Through trial and error

89
Q

In the later stage (2 of 2) of Gentile’s model, learners goals depend on ___________________.

A

the type of skill (open vs closed)

90
Q

What two factors are involved in Gentile’s later stage?

A

1) Fixation

2) Diversification

91
Q

Working to develop capability to perform with little, if any, conscious effort is a characteristic of:

A

fixation

92
Q

When a movement pattern becomes more refined with practice, is a characteristic of:

A

fixation

93
Q

A closed skill requiring _______ of basic movement coordination learned during initial stage. Is part of what stage?

A

fixation

part of the later stage

94
Q

When open skills require multiple strategies to complete a movement successfully, is a characteristic of:

A

diversification

95
Q

When conditions may continually change is a characteristic of:

A

diversification

96
Q

Having to be highly aware of regulatory conditions to be able to modify movement to a situation is a characteristic of:

A

diversification

706 (12 decks)

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