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706 > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 motor control theories?

A
  1. Reflex theories
  2. Historical theories (motor program theory)
  3. Dynamical/Ecological theories
    (dynamical systems theory)
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2
Q

Whose work is the reflex theory based off of?

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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3
Q

What are 2 basic assumptions of the reflex theory?

A
  • reflexes are fundamental building blocks of all movement

* events in EN served as stimulus for action

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4
Q

In the reflex theory, complex behaviors result from?

A

chaining of reflexes

• individual is a passive recipient of externally-produced sensory input that excites motor systems

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5
Q

In the reflex theory: sensory –> _______–> ____________

A

sensory –> motor –> sensory (feedback)

monkey unilateral UE deafferentation (DRG cut) - lost mvmt. / went unchallenged for over 60 years

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6
Q

Is the reflex theory closed or open looped?

A

closed-loop in nature

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7
Q

List some of the reflex theories limitations:

A

Can’t explain:

  1. spontanteous or voluntary movements
  2. fast sequential movements (e.g. typing)
  3. reflexes can be modulated
    - a single stimulus can trigger various responses
  4. novel movements can be carried out
  5. Taub (1980) - deafferented monkeys
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8
Q

In contrast to the reflex theory, hierarchical theory assumes that all aspects of movement planning and execution are:

A

responsibility of one or more cortical centers representing highest command level within CNS

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9
Q

Is the hierarchical theory top-down or bottom-up?

A

top-down

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10
Q

In the hierarchical theory, motor control emerges from reflexes nested within:

A

hierarchically organized level in CNS

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11
Q

In the hierarchical theory:
• Higher centers always in control of ____________________.
• higher centers inhibit _________________________.
• Reflexes control by lower centers dominate movement only when _________________________.

A
  • Higher centers always in control of LOWER CENTERS.
  • higher centers inhibit REFLEXES CONTROLLED BY LOWER BRAIN CENTERS.
  • Reflexes control by lower centers dominate movement only when HIGHER CENTERS ARE DAMAGED.
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12
Q

(Hierarchal theory) Neuromaturational theory of development, brain determines ________ behavior

A

infant

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13
Q

In the hierarchal theory, the cortex controls the postural reflex development of ___________________ and motor development of __________________.

A

In the hierarchal theory, the cortex controls the postural reflex development of EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS and motor development of BIPEDAL FUNCTION.

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14
Q

In the hierarchal theory, the midbrain controls the postural reflex development of ___________________ and motor development of __________________.

A

In the hierarchal theory, the midbrain controls the postural reflex development of RIGHTING REACTIONS and motor development of QUADRUPEDAL FUNCTION.

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15
Q

In the hierarchal theory, the brainstem / spinal cord controls the postural reflex development of ___________________ and motor development of __________________.

A

In the hierarchal theory, the brainstem / spinal cord controls the postural reflex development of PRIMATIVE REFLEX and motor development of APEDAL FUNCTION.

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16
Q

List the limitations of the Hierarchical theory:

A
  • can’t explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain adult situations (flexor withdrawl)
  • EN and other non-CNS factors can affect infant movement (infant stepping reflex)
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17
Q

What are the current opinions on the hierarchical models?

A
  • each level of motor system can act on other levels

* reflexes are only one of many motor control processes

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18
Q

Influence of Hierarchical theory on treatment paradigms: “When the influence of higher centers is temporarily or permanently interfered with, _______________________________________.”

A

normal reflexes become exaggerated and so called pathological reflexes appear

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19
Q

Influence of Hierarchical theory on treatment paradigms: “The release of motor responses integrated at lower level from restraining, influences of higher center, especially that of the cortex, leads to _____________________________.”

A

abnormal postural reflex activity

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20
Q

Motor program theory (hierarchical) =

A

detailed instructions are specified by the CNS to carry out the entire movement.

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21
Q

What are 2 key features of the motor program theory (hierarchical)

A
  1. Existence of Generalized Motor Programs

2. Existence of motor memory Schemas

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22
Q

What does the generalized motor program do?

A

organize, initiates, and carries out intended actions

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23
Q

(Motor program theory) proposed that every movement does not require:

A

a seperate motor program (command from executive is more general)

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24
Q

(motor program theory) introduced the concept of _____________________.

A

generalized motor program

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25
Q

The generalized motor programs (GMPs) represent a pattern of movement (or class of actions) that can be modified to:

A

modified to yield various response outcomes

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26
Q

For GMPs, elements of the GMP that are fixed from trial to trial =

A

invariants

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27
Q

For GMPs, elements of the GMP that are flexible =

A

parameters

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28
Q

Invariant features of GMP =

A

fixed features are similar to fingerprints (can identify particular motor program)

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29
Q

Invariant features of GMP are a unique set of characteristics that define a specific GMP and do not vary from:

A

one performance to another

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30
Q

List a few common examples of Invariant features of GMPs:

A
  1. sequence of actions
  2. relative timing
  3. relative force used
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31
Q

Name two examples of sequence of actions:

A
  1. spelling of name

2. spiking a volleyball

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32
Q

Name an example for the invariant feature of relative force of muscle output:

A

ratio of muscle output relative to others

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33
Q

Name 2 examples for the invariant feature of relative timing:

A
  • proportion (%) of total amount of time required by each component of a skill during the performance of skill
  • analogous to adjusting a recipe to yield more servings (proportion of ingredients)
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34
Q

Flexible parameters of the GMP may change from performance to performance. Flexible parameters depend on and equal:

A
  1. Overall movement duration - time can increase or decrease
  2. Overal muscle force generated during the movement
  3. Specific muscles used to perform skill
  4. movement direction
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35
Q

In GMP, parameter values are assigned by a performer to a GMP before:

A

performance of a skill –> can modify to meet the specific movement demands of the situation.

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36
Q

The ability to choose good parameters is partially what determines:

A

movement success or skill

ADAPTABILITY!!

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37
Q

(motor program theory) Schema =

A

2nd element of schmidt’s GMP theory.

- Abstract representation of a rule (or rules) governing movement.

38
Q

Schemas contain the generalized rules that generate the spatial and temporal:

A

patterns to produce a movement

39
Q

Schemas develop as result of:

A

movement experience

40
Q

IN CONTRAST TO CLOSED-LOOP THEORIES (when hardwired preprogrammed movements dominate), A MOTOR PROGRAM containing general rules CAN BE APPLIED TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS or situations via open-loop process and GMP’s.

A

IN CONTRAST TO CLOSED-LOOP THEORIES (when hardwired preprogrammed movements dominate), A MOTOR PROGRAM containing general rules CAN BE APPLIED TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS or situations via open-loop process and GMP’s.

41
Q

What are the 4 pieces of information that are subconsciously abstracted on each movement attempt? (motor program theory)

A
  1. initial conditions
  2. response specifications
  3. sensory consequences
  4. outcome of that movement
42
Q

Initial conditions =

A

proprioceptive information of the limbs and body

43
Q

response specifications =

A

parameters assigned to GMP

44
Q

sensory consequences =

A

information about how the movement felt, looked and sounded (KP)

45
Q

outcome of that movement =

A

KR compared to KP

46
Q

When these 4 sources (initial conditions, response specifications, sensory consequences and outcome of that movement) of information are stored in memory following a movement attempt what happens?

A

the brain begins to develop a schema

47
Q

With each movement attempt, the schema _____________________?

A

becomes stronger

  • with practice you develop a motor response schema
48
Q

What are 2 motor response schemas?

A
  1. recall schema

2. recognition schema

49
Q

Recall schema =

A

organizes an appropriate motor program capable of initiating and controlling the desired movement

50
Q

the recall schema provides parameter values to the GMP after observing:

A

your intentions and the situation

51
Q

The recognition schema =

A

evaluates the last executed movement based on initial conditions, actual past outcomes, and past sensory information

52
Q

The recognition schema, allows you to know when you’ve made and error,

A

just by feel

  • error signal updates recall schema
53
Q

According to the motor program theory, motor learning, consists of continuous processes that update the recall and recognition schemcas with every:

A

movement that is made

54
Q

According to the motor program theory, the learner decides what movement to execute in a given situation by subconsciously retrieving the GMP from memory, based on the:

A

existing schema and parameters

55
Q

According to the motor program theory, the desired movement is organized in advance by the GMP and sent to the body to:

A

execute it

56
Q

If the GMP contains all the information needed to carry out an action, the movement is controlled once the GMP is issued through:

A

an open loop control

57
Q

If it’s necessary to continually evaluate the accuracy of the action, the movement is controlled once the GMP is issued through:

A

close-loop control

58
Q

Control may also vary according to the skill level of the:

A

performer

59
Q

As proficiency increases, control transitions on a continuum from:

A

closed toward more open loop

60
Q

In the motor program theory, open loop theory of motor control combines:

A
  1. basic idea of a schema (abstract generalization of rules governing movement
  2. idea of a generalized motor program (GMP)
61
Q

In the motor program theory, for a given class of movement, we extract info from:

A

each movement experience (repetition)

62
Q

In the motor program theory:
• construct schemas that enable movement in different situations and circumstance, the schema revises with ____________.
• The stronger the schema, ________________.
• Task of instructor is to devise activity to __________________.

A
  • experience
  • the more skilled the performance
  • strengthen schema
63
Q

Dynamical systems theory =

A

movement theory of dynamic interaction between person, task and environment

64
Q

The dynamical systems theory argues motor program-based theories insufficient to account for control of:

A

complex movements

65
Q

(DST) Bernstein - control is distributed/shared b/n the CNS, PNS, and EN rather than:

A

a hierarchical top-down (brain to periphery) control

66
Q

(DST) Bernstein - emphasizes the situation-dependent (EN) _____________________.

A

mechanics of movement

67
Q

(DST) Bernstein - movement patterns emerge (self-organize) as a function of the __________________ placed on it.

A

constraints.

68
Q

In the dynamical systems theory, constraints =

A

boundaries that limit movement capabilities

69
Q

What are 3 constraints of the DST

A
  1. individual (organismic)
  2. environmental
  3. task constraints
70
Q

Individual constraints =

A
  • body shape, weight, height
  • personality, emotional, motivation
  • cognitive/perceptual, decision-making skills.
71
Q

environmental constraints =

A

gravity, temperature, light, wind, etc

72
Q

task constraints =

A
  • goals
  • rules
  • objects or machines
73
Q

What are the 3 basic concepts of the dynamical systems theories?

A
  1. Self-organization
  2. Attractor states
  3. Phase shifts
74
Q

see slide 37

A

see slide 37

75
Q

self-organization =

A

movement self-organizes the available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit

76
Q

During self-organization, new patterns may spontaneously emerge as a result of:

A

changing constraints placed on the learner

77
Q

Self-organization involves skilled action that results when CNS constrains functionally specific collections of muscles and joints, i.e.

A

synergies and coordinative structures

  • may be developed through practice or exist naturally
78
Q

In the dynamical systems theory, coordinative structures/synergies =

A
  • grouping of muscles and limbs that work together as a functional unit
  • involve inherent neural pathways, biomechanical properties of muscles and limbs, and learned behaviors
79
Q

List 3 examples of the coordinative structures/ synergies (DST):

A
  1. coupling b/n opposite limbs during bilateral movements
  2. arm/hand movements are predisposed to move with same relative time either in same direction (in-phase) or exactly opposite (antiphase)
  3. limbs are coupled based on sensory input from contralateral limb (try walking while swinging one arm faster than the other)
80
Q

What is the key concept with attractor states (DST):

A

movement systems prefer states of stability

** does not mean invariance

81
Q

In attractor states (DST), person, task and EN all affect how the system organizes:
• Can tolerate:

• If constraints change enough:

A
  • can tolerate a fair amount of variability

* if constraints change enough, the system can become unstable

82
Q

In the DST, control parameters =

A

the variables that, when increased or decreased, will cause change throughout the entire system (metronome speed)

83
Q

In the DST, order parameters =

A

parts of the system that define or describe the movement

example: run vs walk - double vs single foot contact, vertical translation of center of mass

84
Q

In the DST, phase shift =

A

when distribution is great enough (eg. speed of treadmill increases) the system may self-destruct or be forced to transition to a new stable attractor state

85
Q

In the DST, phase shift concept, changes can be ___________ and abrupt or may slowly evolve over time

A

nonlinear

86
Q

During the phase transition/ phase shift concept in the DST:
•walk on a treadmill @ 1.5m/s
• increase the speed while you are walking to 3.0 m/s what happens?

A

you will eventually reach a velocity that will force you to switch from walking to running

87
Q

How do we use the Dynamical systems theory from a training/rehab perspective:

A

• it may be necessary to purposefully cause destabilization to promote new and better system functioning

88
Q

What is the goal of how to use DST from a training/ rehab perspective?

A

to identify & manipulate control parameters (tempo, or speed, and force) to encourage a phase shift from a stable, but ineffective movement pattern to a more efficient movement pattern

89
Q

Provide a clinical research example of how DST was been used:

A

stepping in tie to fast metronome resulted in improved coordination between arms/legs in patients post-stroke, and increased cadence in Parkinson’s disease

90
Q

Why does destabilizing (DST) not always have a positive consequence?

A
  • injuries: can cause detrimental compensations
  • destabilizing one variable may not lead to the change you want ( improving strength may not affect sport performance)
  • fatigue may be positive (stimulate tissue adaptations) or negative (erode coordination)
91
Q

What are 2 limitations to the DST?

A
  1. presumption that CNS has nonspecific role in movement control [person (and nervous system), task, and environment have equal roles
  2. evidence supporting dynamical systems is only from continuous movements

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