Week 9 Flashcards
1
Q
All fishes except for hagfishes are what?
A
Vertebrates
2
Q
What are jawless fishes?
A
Hagfish and lamprey
3
Q
What is the skeleton of jawless fishes made of?
A
Cartilage
4
Q
Lampreys have what type of vertebrae?
A
Redamentary
5
Q
What are denticles?
A
A small tooth
6
Q
What are hagfish?
A
Bottom dwelling slime eels, jawless fish
7
Q
How do hagfish feed?
A
Scavengers/predators, have 2 dental plates with rows of denticles and a rasping tongue
8
Q
Do other fish eat hagfish?
A
No
9
Q
How do hagfish remove slime from their body?
A
Tie and overhand knot with their body and slide it
10
Q
What is known about hagfish reproduction?
A
Very little, have both gonads but only one is active at a time
11
Q
What are lampreys?
A
Jawless fish with 2 dorsal fins, migratory
12
Q
How do lampreys feed?
A
External parasites, have an oral disc with a rasping tongues and horny denticles
13
Q
What features do jawed fishes have?
A
Paired fins, and scales
14
Q
What are the 2 main categories of jawed fish?
A
Cartilaginous and bony
15
Q
What is an operculum(fish)?
A
The protective covering over the gills
16
Q
What are cartilaginous fish?
A
Have a skeleton made of cartilage, placoid scale, paired fins
17
Q
Give examples of cartilaginous fish?
A
Sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras
18
Q
What is a top predator in the ocean?
A
Sharks
19
Q
What is a heterocercal tail?
A
An asymmetrical tail with a longer lobe that the vertebrae extends into
20
Q
What is a clasper?
A
A modified pelvic fin found in males
21
Q
How do humans exploit sharks?
A
Harvesting for shark fins
22
Q
What are the key features of sharks?
A
Excellent swimmers, neuromast cells(lateral line), high sense of smell, ventral mouth
23
Q
The majority of sharks brain function is devoted to what?
A
Olfaction
24
Q
What fin in sharks creates impressive forward thrust?
A
Caudal Fin
25
The largest sharks feed on what?
Zooplankton
26
What are spiracles?
Openings on the top of the head for water to enter the gill chamber, found in skates and rays
27
What are the unique features of skates and rays?
Large pectoral fins, reduced dorsal and caudal fins, eyes and spiracles on the top of the head, gills of the ventral side, no anal fin, specialized teeth for crushing
28
How do skates and rays protect themselves?
Eclectic rays have electric organs, stingrays have venomous barbs, sawfish have a series of sharp barbs
29
How do humans use skates or rays?
Commercially for fishing
30
What does ovoviviparous mean?
Fertilization is internal, eggs hatch in the uterus, nourished by a yolk sack, common in sharks
31
What does oviparous mean?
Eggs are shed into the water
32
What are chimaeras?
Rat/rabbitfish, large head and long pointed tails, mostly scaleless, bottom dwellers, flat plates for crushing prey
33
What are coelacanths?
Lobefish discovered in the Indian ocean in 1938(thought to be extinct)
34
What are the key features of lobefin fish?
Thick fleshy fins with bony supports, have gills and lung like sacs, includes coelacanths and lungfish, gave rise to tetrapods
35
What are the key features of ray finned fish?
Fins supported with thin rays, have a swim bladder
36
What are the most successful vertebrates?
Ray finned fish
37
Give an example of a ray finned fish?
Salmon, cod, herring, tuna
38
What are median fins?
Dorsal, caudal and anal fins, usually homocercal
39
What fish has median and paired fins?
Ray Finned Fish
40
What is the purpose of median fins?
Stability
41
What are paired fins?
Pelvic, Pectoral fins
42
What is the purpose of paired fins?
Used in steering
43
How is the body shape of fish determined?
By its habitat
44
Give 2 examples of how body shape suits the habitat of fish?
Marin-Fusiform-For active swimming-Butterfly Fish-Laterally Compressed-Reef Dwelling
45
What is countershading?
A dark back transitioning to a white belly
46
What is the purpose of countershading?
Helps the animal blend in from above or below
47
What animal displays countershading?
Sharks
48
What is disruptive colouration?
Vertical lines that run along the fish, sometimes into the eye
49
What is the purpose of disruptive colouration?
Help the fish blend into its environment
50
What animal displays disruptive colouration?
Butterfly Fish
51
What is cryptic/camouflage colouration?
Colouration that matches the environment the animal lives in
52
What is the purpose of cryptic/camouflage colouration?
Helps the animal blend into its environment
53
What animal displays cryptic/camouflage colouration?
Pipefish
54
What are poster colours?
Bright Colours
55
What is the purpose of poster colours?
Show territory, sexual displays
56
What animal displays poster colours?
Lionfish
57
What is warning coloration?
Bright colours
58
What is the purpose of warning coloration?
Advertise to predators they are venomous
59
What animal displays warning coloration?
Lionfish
60
How does fish respiration work?
Water flows over the gills which extract Oxygen and eliminate CO2, water must always flow past the gills, enormous surface area for gas exchange
61
How do cartilaginous fish regulate salt content?
High levels of urea and TMAOs to prevent water loss, this causes them to be iso or hyper osmotic to the sea water, they gain water by osmosis, excrete large amount of weak urine
62
How does salt enter and exit the body of cartilaginous fish?
Salt enters through food and the gills and exits through the rectal gland
63
How do ray finned fish regulate salt content?
Are Hypoosmotic, drink salt water continuously, lose water through osmosis and excrete excess salt through the gills
64
How do cartilaginous fish regulate buoyancy?
Upward trust, squalene oil, lighter skeletons
65
What is squalene oil?
Oil produced by the liver that aid in buoyancy, lighter than salt water
66
How do ray finned fish regulate buoyancy?
Swimbladder, they can adjust the amount of gas, as gas is added they descend removed they ascend
67
The nervous system of fish consists of?
Brain, Spinal cord, peripheral nerves
68
In what fish is olfaction highly developed?
Skates and rays
69
Where are olfactory receptors located(fish)?
Olfactory pits in the mouth
70
Where are taste receptor located(fish)?
Head, Jaw, tongue, mouth or barbels
71
What is the lateral line system?
A line of neuromasts found in fish, detects changes in water pressure and vibrations
72
Are fish ears internal or external?
Internal
73
Do fish have eyelids?
Most Don’t
74
What does monocular vision mean, what animal is it displayed in?
Means they can only see with 1 eye at a time, displayed in fish
75
Where are the eyes usually located in fish?
Side of the head
76
What fish species can perceive colour?
Shallow water species
77
What is a pyloric caeca?
Sacks that secrete digestive enzymes, found in ray finned fish
78
What is a spiral valve?
A coiled/ twisted part of the intestine to increase nutrient absorption found in cartilaginous fish
79
All cartilaginous fish are what type of feeders?
Carnivorous
80
How do fish feed?
Exploit all food resources, swallow prey whole
81
What are gill rakers?
Used in filter feeding protect the gill arches
82
How do fish avoid predation?
Camouflage, Inflating bodies, escape(water/air), hide, mucus cocoon, spines, attach to rocks, venom
83
What does hermaphroditic mean?
Processing both male and female organs
84
What is viviparity?
Direct attachment to the uterine wall or produces uterine milk
85
Is reproduction internal or external(fish)?
Both
86
Fish sexes are normally what?
Separate
87
What are brood hiders?
Hide their eggs but exhibit no parental care
88
What are guarders?
Care for their offspring until they hatch, sometimes into larval stages
89
What are Bearers?
The female lays her eggs in the mouth of the male who incubates them
90
How do fish develop?
Initially nourished by a yolk sac, a lot are zooplankton, grow for as long as they live
91
Why do fish school?
Increases the ability to find food, harder for a predator to single out a fish
92
What are anadromous fish?
Fish that live in the sea, spawn in rivers
93
What are catadromous fish?
Fish that live in the rivers spawn in the sea
94
Why do daily migrations occur in fish?
Feeding or predator avoidance
95
Why do seasonal migrations occur in fish?
Spawning, changing temperatures and feeding
96
Freshwater eels are an example of what type of fish?
Catadromous fish
97
How long are pacific salmon at sea to feed?
1-5 Years
98
Salmon are an example of what fish species?
Anadromous fish
99
What happens to pacific salmon after spawning?
They die
100
How do salmon locate their natal stream?
Olfactory, magnetic fields, sun, food location, currents, temperature
101
What are the life stages of salmon?
Egg, Alevin, fry, fingerling, smolt, ocean phase, spawner
102
What ecological role do herring have?
Important keystone species, 50% of the diet of salmon, 30% of harbour seals, other species, largest commercial fishing industry in BC
