Week 8 Flashcards
1
Q
What Traditional Land is Camosun College on?
A
Songhees and Kosapsum, and WSANEC
2
Q
What Phylum do Mollusks belong to?
A
Mollusca
3
Q
What does the term Mollusca refer to?
A
Molluscs soft bodies
4
Q
What is the mollusks shell made of?
A
Calcium carbonate
5
Q
Do all mollusks have a shell?
A
No
6
Q
True or false mollusks are a highly specified phylum, there is little diversity in the genus?
A
False, mollusks have a wide range of sizes lifestyles and relationships to humans
7
Q
What are the main systems/organs found in mollusks?
A
Head/Foot, Radula, Visceral mass and the mantle
8
Q
What is the visceral mass in mollusks?
A
The part of the mollusk that contains all of its organs except for the head and foot
9
Q
What is a Radula?
A
A ribbon of teeth and tissues adapted for scraping, piercing and cutting food
10
Q
What does the head in mollusks do?
A
Contains the head including the mouth and sensory organs
11
Q
What is the foot in mollusks?
A
The animals organ of locomotion
12
Q
What is the mantle in mollusks?
A
A protective tissue that protects the visceral mass
13
Q
What is the mantle responsible for in mollusks?
A
Protection, forming the shell and locomotion in some animals(cephalopods)
14
Q
What cavity does the mantle create in mollusks?
A
The mantle cavity
15
Q
A radula is present in all mollusks except for what?
A
Bivalves
16
Q
What is the radula formed by?
A
Radula sac
17
Q
What is the radula supported by?
A
Odontophore
18
Q
What phylum do Chitons belong to?
A
Mollusca
19
Q
How many shell plates do chitons usually have?
A
8
20
Q
Where are chitons normally found?
A
Intertidal zones
21
Q
How do chitons attach to rocks?
A
Using their large flat foot
22
Q
How do most chitons feed?
A
Scraping algae off rocks
23
Q
How are chitons shell plates held together?
A
With a girdle
24
Q
What is the Black Katty story?
A
A land snail grows up and moves out of its shell, becoming a slug, the aging slug moves to the sea where it becomes stuck turning into a chiton
25
What phylum do tusk shells belong to?
Mollusca
26
What is the general body plan of a tusk shell?
A tube like shell open at both ends, one with a foot and one for water entry and exit
27
What end is the foot on in a tusk shell?
Larger or anterior end
28
What end does water enter in a tusk shell?
Smaller posterior end
29
Gastropods belong to what phylum?
Mollusca
30
What is a univalve shell?
A shell that is always in one piece
31
Do gastropods possess a shell?
Sometimes, they can be unshelled or with a univalve shell
32
Name 3 different feeding methods gastropods use
Graze on algae using their radula(herbivore), Using their radula to inject paralyzing toxin into their prey(predatory), Using their gills to filter food from water(suspension)
33
What is an operculum(gastropods)?
A structure found in some gastropods for closing the shell opening
34
What phylum and class do Nudibranchs belong to?
Mollusks and Gastropods
35
What are the defining features of nudibranchs?
The lack of shell, bright colours and unique shapes
36
What are nudibranchs named after?
Their “naked gill” or cerata
37
What is a cerata?
The projections from a nudibranchs body that increase the surface area for gas exchange
38
What do bright colours indicate in nudibranchs?
Toxicity to predators
39
What unique feeding/defense strategy do nudibranchs use?
Some eat cnidarians and incorporate their cnidocytes into their cerata
40
Bivalves belong to what phylum?
Mollusca
41
What are bivalves?
Class of animals with shells divided into 2 valves
42
Give examples of bivalves?
Clams, mussel, oysters, scallops and ship worms
43
What do the adductor muscles do in bivalves?
Work to close the 2 valves of the shell
44
What is the beak of a bivalve called?
Umbo
45
What are the key features of bivalves?
Laterally compressed, valves attached dorsally and no head or radula
46
What are siphons?
Tubes that facilitate filter feeding (exhalant and inhalant)
47
What is ethnozoology?
The relationship between humans and their environment
48
What are clam gardens, how did they work?
Large rocks were rolled to the low tide mark, which then filled in with sediment increasing habitat for clams
49
What were mussel shells used for by indigenous people?
Cutting
50
Can bivalves swim?
Yes
51
What phylum do cephalopods belong to?
Mollusca
52
What class do octopus, squids and cuttlefish belong to?
Cephalopods
53
What are arms used for in cephalopods?
Prey capture, defense, reproduction and locomotion
54
Nautilus belongs to what class?
Cephalopods
55
How do cephalopods move?
Jet propulsion or fin undulation
56
What are the key features of nautilus?
Large coiled chambered shells and 60-90 tentacles
57
What is special about the nervous system of cephalopods?
Highly developed and complex
58
What is Sepia?
The ink of cephalopods
59
How do cephalopods communicate?
Colour changes and the movement of their arms and bodies
60
What are chromatophores?
Special cells in the skin that contain pigment granules
61
How do chromatophores work?
When muscle cells pull at the edges of the chromatophores the cells expand and disperse producing a darker colour, opposite for lightening
62
How do cephalopods feed?
Carnivores with beak like jaws, diet varies with habitat
63
Many mollusks display what types of larvae?
Planktonic Larvae
64
What behaviors do octopus display in reproduction?
Courtship displays, egg sacks and egg incubation
65
How do mollusks lay their eggs?
In protective egg cases or directly into the sea
66
What is a trochophore?
Free swimming larval stage that come from eggs shed directly into the sea, found in primitive mollusks
67
What are veliger larvae?
A common free swimming stage of marine gastropods
68
What ecological roles do mollusks play?
Predator prey relationships, calcium source for marine birds (shells), habitat creation (shells) and driftwood recycling (ship-worms)
69
What phylum do segmented worms belong to?
Annelida
70
Trochophore larvae are found in what phylums?
Mollusca, Annelida
71
What are Setae?
The small bristles on segmented worms
72
What are bristles used for in segmented worms?
Movement, anchoring, digging and defense
73
Polychaetes are also called what?
Bristle worms
74
Bristle worms belong to what phylum?
Annelida
75
How do bristle worms feed?
Predators, suspension feeders and deposit feeders
76
What are castings?
Masses of organic materials and mineral particles that are defecated by deposit feeders
77
What is the difference between selective or nonselective eaters?
Selective eater filter out the mineral content in their food, non-selective consume both organic and mineral materials
78
What are parapodia?
Body segments that function in movement and respiration
79
How do bristle worms move/breath?
Parapodia
80
What is epitoky reproduction?
Epitokes are then released into the water column to be fertilized when bristle worms swarm
81
What is an epitoke?
A chain of egg or sperm filled segments that grow from the posterior of a segmented worm
82
What is swarming in reproduction?
When males and females of the same species come together for reproduction
83
Do polychaetes reproduce sexually or asexually?
Asexually (budding and fragmentation), but mostly sexually (separate sexes)
84
Roundworms belong to what phylum?
Nematoda
85
What is the most abundant animals on earth?
Nematoda
86
What is the cuticle in roundworms?
The exoskeleton
87
What is ecdysis?
The molting/shedding of the exoskeleton
88
How do roundworms feed?
Scavengers, herbivores, carnivores and parasites
89
What are the ecological roles of marine worms?
Nutrient cycling (burrowing), predator prey relationships (help with the transfer of microscopic producers to larger consumers), Symbiotic relationships (providing housing in their burrows)
90
Arthropods belong to what phylum?
Arthropoda
91
Arthropods are what percent of identified species?
75%
92
What are the key features of arthropods?
Jointed appendages, segmented hard exoskeletons, well developed nervous systems
93
Chelicerates are a subphylum of what phylum?
Arthropoda
94
Horseshoes crabs belong to what subphylum?
Chelicerates
95
What are Chelicerates?
Primitive group of arthropods, 6 pairs of appendages
96
What are chelicerae?
1st pair of appendages used for grasping food
97
What are the 3 body regions of horseshoe crabs?
Cephalothorax, abdomen, telson
98
What is a carapace?
The shell of crustaceans
99
What colour is horseshoe crab blood?
Blue
100
How many legs do sea spiders have?
4 Pairs
101
What sex carries the eggs in sea spiders?
Males
102
How do sea spiders feed?
Feed on cnidarians and other soft bodied animals, using a proboscis
103
What are the 4 body regions of crustaceans?
Head, thorax, abdomen, telson
104
What unique appendages do some crustaceans have?
Swimmerets, walking legs, claws and pincers
105
What appendages do all crustaceans have?
2 pairs of sensory antennae, maxilae and mandible
106
What are maxillae?
The upper jaw in vertebrates
107
What are decapod crustaceans?
Crustaceans with 5 pairs of walking legs
108
What species are considered decapod crustaceans?
Crabs, lobster, shrimp
109
What type of larvae do decapod crustaceans have?
Planktonic larvae
110
How do decapod crustaceans feed?
Scavengers or predators
111
List 2 unique adaptations decapod crustaceans sometimes have?
Hermit crabs (using shells for protection), Decorator crab (attaches sessile organisms to its shell for camouflage)
112
Krill belongs to what subphylum?
Crustaceans
113
What are krill?
Pelagic zooplankton, 3-6 cm long
114
How do Krill feed?
Feed on smaller zooplankton or phytoplankton
115
How much Krill can a blue whale consume in a day?
4 tonnes
116
What are photophores?
A light producing organ
117
What unique behaviors do krill exhibit?
Bioluminescent and swarming
118
Copepods belong to what subphylum?
Crustaceans
119
What is the largest group of small crustaceans?
Copepods
120
What are copepods?
A small crustacean zooplankton
121
How do Copepods feed?
Suspension feeders, phytoplankton and detritus
122
Amphipods belong to what subphylum?
Crustaceans
123
What are amphipods?
Laterally compressed, 3 appendages that face backwards, such as beach fleas
124
Barnacles belong to what subphylum?
Crustaceans
125
How do amphipods feed?
Detritus feeders and scavengers
126
How do barnacles feed?
Filter feed using cirri
127
Do barnacles have shells?
Yes, made of calcium carbonate
128
What is the only sessile crustacean?
Barnacles
129
What are some of the ecological roles of arthropods?
Food source, parasites, recycling (grass shrimp), barnacles are commensal
130
What phylum do arrow worms belong to?
Chaetognatha
131
What are arrow worms?
Arrow shaped worm, common in plankton, voracious carnivores
132
What phylum do sea urchins, sea stars and sea cucumbers belong to?
Echinodermata
133
What form of symmetry do echinoderms show in their larval stage?
Bilateral
134
What form of symmetry do echinoderms show in their adult stage?
Radial
135
What are deuterostomes?
When the anus develops before the mouth
136
What are ossicles?
Plates that make up the echinoderm exoskeleton
137
What are pedicellariae?
Pincer like structure found on the skin of echinoderms
138
What is the structure of the endoskeletons in echinoderms?
Made of calcium carbonate, ossicles, spines and sometimes pedicellariae
139
What is a madreporite?
Site of water entry in echinoderms
140
Echinoderms have what type of vascular system?
Water vascular system
141
How do echinoderms move?
Tube feet
142
How do tube feet work?
Water is pumped into the tube feet and they expand, the suckers attach to the ground, the muscles contract and force the water back into the ampullae, the tube feet shorten moving the animal forward
143
How fast can sea stars move?
A few cm per minute, except for sunstars
144
What are papulae?
Skin gills, function in gas exchange
145
What is an eversible stomach?
A stomach that can partially envelop its prey
146
How do sea stars feed?
Mostly carnivores or scavengers, eversible stomach
147
What are the key features of sea stars?
Central disc with 5+ arms, can regenerate arms
148
What are brittle stars?
A benthic animal with 5 spiny arms surrounding a central disc
149
How do brittle stars feed?
Suspension or deposit feeders
150
What unique ability do brittle stars have?
Autonomy, the ability to cast off appendages
151
What is a test in sea urchins?
The hard endoskeleton
152
What is aristotle's lantern?
The chewing structure in sea urchins with 5 teeth
153
How do sea urchins feed?
Grazers or deposit feeders
154
What is unique about sea urchin spines?
They are moveable
155
Are sea urchins benthic or pelagic?
Benthic
156
What form of symmetry do some sea urchins display?
Bilateral, sand dollars heart clams
157
What defensive methods do sea cucumbers use?
Evisceration and cuvierian tubules (released from anus and stick to predator)
158
What species has oral tentacles?
Sea Cucumbers
159
How do sea cucumbers feed?
Suspension or deposit
160
Can sea cucumbers regenerate?
Yes
161
What are feather stars?
Sedentary suspension feeders
162
What ecological roles do echinoderms play?
Predator, eat kelp and coral, avoid most predation due to spines, toxin has potential as a tumor suppressant
163
What is a notochord?
A rod like structure that functions as a spine
164
The phylum chordata includes what subphylums?
Vertebrates, Tunicates and lancelets
165
Tunicates are also called?
Sea Squirts
166
How do tunicates move?
Mostly sessile, some are also free swimming (salps and larvaceans)
167
What does infaunal mean?
Lives in the soil
168
What are lancelets?
Fish-like chordata that live in the soil, lack a backbone, suspension feeders
