Week 10 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the skin covered with in reptiles?
A
Scales made of keratin
2
Q
Where did reptiles evolve for success?
A
On land, then returned to sea
3
Q
What is an ectotherm?
A
Temperature regulated by external sources
4
Q
What is an endotherm?
A
Temperature regulated by internal sources (metabolism)
5
Q
What are examples of modern day reptiles?
A
Crocodiles, snakes, turtles, lizards
6
Q
What type of egg do reptiles have?
A
Amniotic egg
7
Q
When did the amniotic egg first evolve?
A
In reptiles 340 million years ago, on land
8
Q
Where is an amniotic egg found?
A
Reptiles, birds, mammals
9
Q
What is the structure of an amniotic egg?
A
Covered by a protective shell (oviparous species), contains amniotic fluid, a yolk sack and a chorion
10
Q
What is a chorion?
A
The membrane around an amniotic egg that functions in gas exchange
11
Q
What is the largest living reptile?
A
Saltwater Crocodile
12
Q
What is crocodiles main diet?
A
Fish
13
Q
How do crocodiles regulate salt content?
A
Drink salt water and excrete it through salt glands on their tongue
14
Q
What behaviors do crocodiles exhibit?
A
Take care of young, grunting and belowing to communicate, good navigational skills, solitary animals
15
Q
Do reptiles exhibit parental care?
A
No except for crocodilians,
16
Q
How many sea turtle species are there globally?
A
7
17
Q
What is the structure of shells in sea turtles?
A
Fused to skeleton, outer shell made of keratin, inner shell composed of bone
18
Q
Where do sea turtles normally live?
A
Tropical/Subtropical Waters
19
Q
What species of turtle can tolerate colder temperatures?
A
Leatherback turtles
20
Q
What do sea turtles eat?
A
Carnivorous, except for green sea turtle
21
Q
What are the front limbs used for in sea turtles?
A
Modified into large flippers
22
Q
What are the back legs used for in sea turtles?
A
Used for digging nest or steering
23
Q
How are sea turtles adapted to ocean life?
A
Shell is light streamlined and flattened, fatty deposits and spongy bones for buoyancy, salt glands above the eyes
24
Q
How is turtle sex determined?
A
By temperature over 29.9 develop into females
25
What is a natal beach?
A beach where the mother was born
26
What is turtle reproduction like?
Mothers lay 100s of eggs on her natal beach, eggs hatch at night and head towards the water
27
What percent of sea turtles survive into adulthood?
0.1%
28
Are turtles social animals?
No they are mostly solitary animals
29
How do turtle hatching orient towards the water?
The light on the horizon
30
Why do leatherback turtles eat plastic bags?
They mistake them for jellyfish
31
What are some of the threats that sea turtles face?
Predators, habitat destruction, plastic consumption, artificial lighting and being hunted by humans
32
Where does the only marine iguana live?
The Galapagos
33
How are marine iguanas adapted to marine life?
Good swimmers and divers and nasal salt glands
34
What do marine iguanas eat?
Algae
35
What are sea snakes descended from?
Lizards and then lost the limbs used for burrowing
36
What is the main diet of sea snakes?
Fish and fish eggs
37
Where do most sea snakes live?
Close to shore in shallow waters
38
What is special about the yellow-bellied sea snake?
They have been spotted more than 100 km offshore
39
What type of reproduction do sea snakes commonly exhibit?
Ovoviviparous
40
How are sea snakes adapted to life at sea?
Laterally compressed tails, gas exchange through the skin and a modified trachea, lower metabolic rate, nostrils with valves, few scales and nostril salt glands
41
What are the types of seabirds?
Shorebirds, Penguins, Tubenoses, Gulls, Pelicans
42
How many different species of seabirds are there?
250
43
What is the main defining feature of seabirds?
Feed in the sea, some can spend months away from land
44
What are the key features of oystercatchers?
Long orange bill used to slice, pry, probe and crush
45
Oystercatchers are an example of what type of seabird?
Shorebird
46
What are the key features of Plovers?
Short and plump, nest in depressions or hollows, found worldwide
47
Plovers are an example of what type of seabird?
Shorebirds
48
Sandpipers are an example of what type of seabird?
Shorebirds
49
What are the key features of Sandpipers?
Feed on small crustaceans and mollusks in the sand
50
What are the key features of Herons?
Skinny legs and necks, stand still and wait for prey or stalk and startle them, widespread
51
Herons are an example of what type of seabird?
Shorebirds
52
Are gulls true ocean going birds?
No
53
What are the relatives of gulls?
Terns, Skuas, Jaegers, Skimmers and alcids
54
What are the key features of Gulls?
Webbed feet and oil glands
55
What is the most common gull?
Herring
56
How do gulls feed?
Noisy, voracious eaters, scavengers, steal food from other birds, highly skilled
57
How many eggs do gulls lay?
2-3
58
What sex incubates the eggs in gulls?
Both sexes
59
How long for gull chicks to hatch?
3-4 Weeks
60
What does gregarious mean?
Highly Sociable
61
How many gull hatchlings survive?
⅕
62
What nesting behaviors do gulls exhibit?
Nonselective for nesting materials, gregarious, live in colonies
63
What are the key features of Terns?
Small birds, brightly coloured bills, forked tails, hunt by plunging into the water, will steal food, gregarious nesters
64
What are the key features of Skuas and Jaegers?
Very aggressive omnivores or predators, “hawks or vultures” of the sea
65
What are the key features of Skimmers?
Pupils are vertical slits, lower jaw protrudes further than the upper bill, fly over the water and creates ripples to attract fish
66
What are the key features of Pelicans and their relatives?
Have webs between all 4 toes, upper mandible can be hooked, brightly coloured or with head adornments
67
What are some of the relatives of pelicans?
Darters, boobies, gannets, tropicbirds, cormorants and frigatebirds
68
What is a gular pouch?
Throat pouch found in pelican used in feeding
69
How do pelicans feed?
Feed just under the water's surface require a large fish population
70
Where do pelicans tend to live?
Warm latitudes, estuary, coastal and inland waters
71
What are the key features of Boobies?
Dive into the sea up to 30m, the number of eggs they lay is thought to be dependant on their food supply
72
What are the key features of Cormorants?
No oil glands, have to dry their wings
73
What are the key features of Frigatebirds?
Large wingspan(up to 2m), no oil glands, feed by skimming their bills against the water surface, pursue other birds for food
74
What birds are considered tubenoses?
Petrels, Albatrosses, shearwaters
75
What are the key features of Tubenoses?
Large tubular nostrils, Glands secrete a concentrated salt solution, glands in the stomach produce a foul smelling yellow oil, used in feeding young and defense
76
What are the key features of Albatrosses?
Wings up to 3.5m, efficient gliders, cannot take off on calm water
77
Where do albatrosses live?
Open waters, southern hemisphere due to wind currents
78
How do albatrosses reproduce?
Elaborate courtship displays, lay 1 egg, incubate for 60-80 days, mate every other year
79
What are petrels?
Small birds with long legs and fluttering flight, form long term pairs(breeding), live in cold water, spot prey from the air and dive, pursue by “flying” underwater
80
What are the key features of Penguins?
Swift swimmers, flat webbed feet for steering, leap from the water to breathe
81
What do penguins eat?
Fish, squid, krill
82
What eats penguins?
Leopard seals and orcas
83
What is a crop?
A place where birds can store food
84
How does penguin reproduction work?
Female lays 1 egg, male watches the egg while female hunts, if the chick hatches early the male can feed it from its crop, when the female returns both parent feed the chick, chick can feed itself by summer
85
What are alcids?
Puffins, Auks and Murres, look like penguins but are related to gulls
86
What is convergent evolution?
When similar traits evolve in different species because of environmental pressures
87
What are ecological equivalents?
Species that live in different habitats but fulfill similar ecological niches
88
What does homeothermic mean?
Warm-Blooded
89
How are birds adapted for flight?
Endo and homeothermic, high metabolism, strong fast muscles, double lung, 4 chambered heart, excellent sight hearing and large brain and weight reduction(hollow bones, no teeth, reduced gonads)
90
How are sea birds adapted to swimming?
Webbed feet and salt glands that drain into the nasal passage
91
How does reproduction work in male birds?
Testes reduced for most of the year, enlarged 300x when breeding no penis
92
How does reproduction work in female birds?
Only left ovary and oviduct develop, albumin, shell membrane and shell only develops during the passage down the oviduct
93
Most birds display what type of breeding?
Monogamous
94
What are the 2 types of monogamy?
Social-Both sexes cooperate in raising young(90% of birds)
## Footnote
Genetic-Male and female are the sole genetic parents of all the young(rare)
95
How is extra pair copulation detected?
If the DNA from the young and father do not match
96
How is nest parasitism detected?
If the DNA from the young and the mother do not match
97
What is polygyny?
1 male multiple females
98
What is Polyandry?
1 female multiple males
99
What is polygynandry?
Both sexes have multiple mates
100
What is promiscuity?
No stable social relationship
101
What are courtship rituals?
Rituals that both mates participate in during courtship
102
Give 2 examples of courtship rituals in birds?
Weed grebe-Weed dancing, blue footed boobies-High stepping
103
Why do birds migrate?
When the benefits are higher than the costs(energy/mortality)
104
What are the benefits of living in a temperate zone?
Abundant food and longer days in spring/summer, food shortages in winter
105
What are the benefits of living in a tropic zone?
High density of nest parasites and predators, mild temperatures and food availability in winter
106
How does orientation work in birds?
Ability to align in an appropriate direction when in an unfamiliar habitat(internal compass, sun, stars, magnetic fields)
107
How does navigation work in birds?
Ability to find a specific geographic location from a known starting point(landmarks)
108
Give 2 examples of sea bird intelligence?
Puffins using sticks to scratch, herons luring fish with bugs on leaves
