Week 11 Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

How much extra energy does endo and homeothermic regulation require?

10x

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What are the characteristics of a mammal?

Fur, produce milk, mammary glands, endothermic and homeothermic, placental mammals

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Where do Sea Otters live?

Usually 1-2 km from shore, commonly in kelp beds

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What are the key features of Sea Otters?

5 fingered forelimbs, thick fur, fin like feet (hind legs)

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What behaviors do Sea Otters exhibit?

Social, gregarious, playful, vocal and diurnal

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How do Sea Otters feed?

Eat sea urchins, mollusks, crustaceans and fish, eat 25% of their body weight each day

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How do Sea Otters reproduce?

Lay 1 pup on rocky shorelines, soon follows its mother into the water

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What are the dangers Sea Otters face?

Overhunting for fur, used to be only 1000 now up to 130,000 but only inhabit 20% of their native range

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How do Polar Bears feed?

Top predators, eat mostly seals

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Where do Polar Bears live?

Moving ice sheets

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What are the key features of Polar Bears?

Black skin, thick under fur, large size

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What does Pinnipeds mean?

Feather Footed

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What species are Pinnipeds?

Walruses, sea lions and seals

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What are the predators of Pinnipeds?

Sharks, whales and humans

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When do pinnipeds come to land?

Mate, give birth and molt on land

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How do Pinnipeds feed?

Eat fish and larger inverts

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What are the key features of Pinnipeds?

Spindle shaped bodies, thick layers of fat, distinct neck, round head, 2 pairs of flipper like limbs

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What is the main propulsion method of Seals?

Hind flippers

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What is the main propulsion method of Sea Lions?

Front flippers

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What is the main propulsion method of Walruses?

All 4 flippers

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How are Pinnipeds adapted to diving?

Exhale before diving, slower metabolism (20% decrease), blood shunted to vital organs, high amount of oxygen in blood (10-30x), more blood (2x), high oxygen in muscles

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How many females will 1 male mate with pinnipeds?

Up to 15

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How do pinnipeds reproduce?

Polygynous, congregate on well established breeding grounds, males establish territories, females give birth and then immediately reproduce for the next year

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What order and sub order do pinnipeds belong to?

Carnivoria, Pinnipedia

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What are the key features of True Seals?

Lack external ears, cannot rotate flippers, forelimbs smaller than hind limbs, less adapted to life on land

What are the key features of Harbour Seals?

Most well known species

What are the key features of Leopard Seals?

Only Pinniped to eat homeothermic animals

What are the key features of Harp Seals?

Pups have a white coat that is highly sought after

What are the key features of Elephant Seals?

Largest with a huge proboscis in males that emphasizes mating calls

What Pinniped can dive the deepest?

Elephant seals (1500m)

What are the key features of Eared Seals?

External ears, flippers can rotate

What are the key features of Walruses?

Internal ears, large tusks, hind limbs used for walking on land, 1 male to 3 females

What are the key features of Fur Seals?

Thick dense fur, usually solitary

What are the key features of Sea Lions?

Hairy coat, no undercoats, highly social

What order do manatees and dugongs belong to?

Sirenia

Where do Sirenia live?

Tropic Coastal waters and estuaries

What behaviors do Sirenia exhibit?

Friendly to humans completely aquatic

How do Sirenia feed?

Eat sea grasses

What are the key features of the Steller's sea cow?

Only arctic sirenia species, was hunted to extinction

What are the key features of Cetaceans?

Streamlined body, blowhole, blubber, ear plugs, lack of neck, lack sweat glands, forelimbs modified flippers, fluke (main propulsion)

How did Cetaceans evolve?

From a terrestrial ancestor

What are the 2 suborders of Cetacea?

Baleen and toothed

What is the structure of baleen?

Made of keratin, hundreds of plates form a tight mesh

How do baleen whales feed?

Surface skimming, gulping, bubble netting and trapping

What is bubble netting?

Humpback whales produce bubbles that surround the prey keeping them stuck, then eat them

What is Trap Feeding?

Whales wait motionless with their mouth open and close it when prey enters

Right and bowhead whales belong to what sub order?

Baleen Whales

What are the key features of Right and bowhead whales?

Lack of dorsal fin

What are the key features of Rorquals?

Expandable throat grooves, streamlined fast swimmers

Give examples of Rorquals?

Humpback, blue whale, fin whale

What are the key features of the grey whale?

Skin covered in barnacles, small dorsal fins, feeds on crustaceans, only the pacific population survives today

What animals are considered toothed whales?

Porpoises, Dolphins, belugas, sperm whales, narwhals

What are sperm whales named for?

Its thick oil spermaceti

What is ambergris?

Digestive byproduct found in sperm whales that protects from their diet, solid waxy material upon exposure to air, when aged creates perfume

What are the key features of the sperm whale?

3rd largest whale with massive blunt snout, a series of posterior humps, no real dorsal fin

How do sperm whales feed?

Aggressive eater of squid and fish

How do sperm whales reproduce?

Polygynous

What is the only cetacean to feed on warm blooded animals?

Killer Whale/Orca

What are the key features of dolphins?

Defined beak

What are the key features of porpoises?

No beak rounded head

What is the largest dolphin?

Orca

What are orientation clicks?

Help give a general overview of the surroundings

What are discrimination clicks?

Help investigate a specific object

How does echolocation work?

Sounds are directed and focused in the fatty mass called the melon, the ears receive the underwater vibrations

How do dolphins communicate?

Body language, touch, whistles and clicks, each dolphin has a signature whistle there are also dialects

What diving adaptations do cetaceans have?

Inhale before diving, lungs and rib cage collapse (no bends), high oxygen uptake (lungs), metabolism slows, high amount of oxygen stored in myoglobin, less sensitive to CO2

How do baleen whales reproduce?

Mate and give birth at the same time and place each year

How do toothed whales reproduce?

Breed throughout the year

What is special about cetacean reproduction?

High fat content allows the baby to grow quickly

What is Sky hopping?

Whales poking their head up to better understand their surroundings (curiosity)

What is breaching?

Whale fully leaves the water and twists (aggression/territorial)

What is tail slapping?

Slapping the tail on the water to make a large sound (social behavior)

What is fluke up?

Raising their tails vertically above the surface

What is a pectoral slap?

Slapping the water with their pectoral fins

What complex social behaviors do cetaceans display?

Social learning and culture, support members in need, communal feeding, grief, communication and tool use