Week 9

Question 1

What can a family tree be an example of

Answer 1

Cladogram

Question 2

How do you know what a clade is

Answer 2

IF it takes 1 cut to separate it from the tree

Question 3

What does tree thinking reflect

Answer 3

Tree Thinking reflects a complex process, from individuals to long-term changes in species and groups.

Question 4

What is a population

Answer 4

A population is a group of individuals of the same species that interact in the same
place and time.

Populations change in the same space over
time.

Question 5

What is a species

Answer 5

A species is all
populations of an
organism, everywhere,
over time.

Question 6

What are evolutoinary trees often reffered as

Answer 6

Phylogeny

Question 7

What is the study of evolutionary relationships called

Answer 7

The study of evolutionary
relationships is referred to a “phlyogenetics.”

Question 8

What is the process of placing species into a phylogenetic tree called

Answer 8

Cladistics

Question 9

Branches in evolutionary tree can be shown with…

Answer 9

…relative or absolute time time

Question 9

How to read root in an volutionary tree

Answer 9

Common ancestor to all species shown

Question 10

How to read nodes in evolutionary tree

Answer 10

Common ancestor to all species below

Question 11

What is the terminal branch called in the evolutionary tree

Answer 11

a tip

Question 12

What are phylogenies built on ?

Answer 12

Theyre built on the principle of parsimony; simplicity

Question 13

What is occams razor

(principle of parsimony)

Answer 13

when presented with competing hypotheses that make the same predictions, one should select the solution with the fewest assumptions.

Question 14

Convergent evolution

Answer 14

The independent origin
of similar traits in separate
evolutionary lineages.

Question 15

Are bird and insect wings homologous

Answer 15

Bird and insect wings are not homologous

They did NOT inherit their
wings from the same winged
ancestor

Wings evolved separately in
these 2 lineages

◦ bird wings are made of
bone and muscle (feathers)

◦ insect wings are made
from an exoskeleton (skin)

Question 16

Analogous evolution

Answer 16

Although evolution can only work on existing genes & traits, the same traits can arise in different groups
through natural selection by the
environment.

Question 17

How are family trees and evolutionnary trees the same and how do they differ

Answer 17

SAME
Both trace ancestry and relatedness.
The farther back in time we go, the more difficult it is to find information.
We can trace common ancestors and find out where certain traits may have come from.
We can use DNA to figure out relationships
Distribution of family members provides clues

DIFFERENT
We are not tracing both parents – mother and father’s side (usually)
We seldom have as much information as we do about family trees
We have to rely on some additional sources of information (fossils, comparative anatomy)