Week 9 Flashcards
What can a family tree be an example of
Cladogram
How do you know what a clade is
IF it takes 1 cut to separate it from the tree
What does tree thinking reflect
Tree Thinking reflects a complex process, from individuals to long-term changes in species and groups.
What is a population
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that interact in the same
place and time.
Populations change in the same space over
time.
What is a species
A species is all
populations of an
organism, everywhere,
over time.
What are evolutoinary trees often reffered as
Phylogeny
What is the study of evolutionary relationships called
The study of evolutionary
relationships is referred to a “phlyogenetics.”
What is the process of placing species into a phylogenetic tree called
Cladistics
Branches in evolutionary tree can be shown with…
…relative or absolute time time
How to read root in an volutionary tree
Common ancestor to all species shown
How to read nodes in evolutionary tree
Common ancestor to all species below
What is the terminal branch called in the evolutionary tree
a tip
What are phylogenies built on ?
Theyre built on the principle of parsimony; simplicity
What is occams razor
(principle of parsimony)
when presented with competing hypotheses that make the same predictions, one should select the solution with the fewest assumptions.
Convergent evolution
The independent origin
of similar traits in separate
evolutionary lineages.
Are bird and insect wings homologous
Bird and insect wings are not homologous
They did NOT inherit their
wings from the same winged
ancestor
Wings evolved separately in
these 2 lineages
◦ bird wings are made of
bone and muscle (feathers)
◦ insect wings are made
from an exoskeleton (skin)
Analogous evolution
Although evolution can only work on existing genes & traits, the same traits can arise in different groups
through natural selection by the
environment.
How are family trees and evolutionnary trees the same and how do they differ
SAME
Both trace ancestry and relatedness.
The farther back in time we go, the more difficult it is to find information.
We can trace common ancestors and find out where certain traits may have come from.
We can use DNA to figure out relationships
Distribution of family members provides clues
DIFFERENT
We are not tracing both parents – mother and father’s side (usually)
We seldom have as much information as we do about family trees
We have to rely on some additional sources of information (fossils, comparative anatomy)
