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NATS > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is stratigraphy

A

Studying the composition and order of rock layers

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2
Q

What is relative time ?

A

Rocks or fossils are older or younger relative to each other.

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3
Q

What is absolute time ?

A

Absolute time in evolution refers to determining the exact age of rocks or fossils, which can be measured through radiometric dating or other methods.

rocks have quantifiable age

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4
Q

Name the 3 different types of rocks

A

Igneous: or “Magmatic” – coming from magma, or volcanoes!

Metamorphic: Rock that has
metamorphosed – changed – due to heat and pressure into different forms and chemical composition.

Sedimentary: formed by the
deposition of small particles
(sediments) by wind, water, ice, or oceans, and cemented together.

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5
Q

What is an igneous rock

A

When lava cools, trace
amounts of radioactive
materials are “locked” into
the minerals.

These radioactive isotopes
allow igneous rock to be
dated to an absolute age: we
can use radiometric dating
to find out how old they are!

Their features often tell us
what major geologic events
were occurring at the time.

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6
Q

What is sedimentary rock ?

A

Sedimentary rocks are created by the deposition of particles (sediments) such as sand, silt, and organic matter, often in bodies of water. Over time, these layers harden and form rock. Typically where fossils are found .

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7
Q

What is layering (stratification)

A

As new layers of sediments are deposited on top of older layers, they form a distinct stratigraphy, with older layers at the bottom and newer ones at the top.

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8
Q

Explain the fossilization process

A

Organisms that die in or near these sedimentary environments can become buried in the sediment. Over time, their remains may be preserved as fossils within these layers. Each layer can capture different organisms, depending on the environment and the time period.

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9
Q

When measuring time in geologic history,
we also need a consistent, physical basis, what would you use ?

A

Radioactive decay of different elemental isotopes can
provide exactly that consistent measure.

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10
Q

What are parent isotopes

A

the unstable isotopes that decay

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11
Q

What are daughter isotopes

A

the products of the decay process.

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12
Q

What is a half life

A

A half-life is the amount of time
required for half the amount of
parent isotope to decay into the
daughter isotope.

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13
Q

How can we deduce how different organisms are, or are not, related

A

By comparing key traits between and within groups

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14
Q

What is the 3 domain system

A

classification revised
based on analysis of
DNA

– Found two groups of
very different
prokaryotes

– One group, Archaea,
more similar to
eukaryotes (Eukarya)
than to the other group,
Bacteria

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15
Q

Name the 6 kingdoms

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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16
Q

Name characteristics of bacteria

A

Simple unicellular organisms

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17
Q

Name characteristics of archaea

A

Archaea are simple unincellular organisms that often live in extreme environments

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18
Q

Characteristics of Protista

A

Unicellular and are more complex than bacteria or archaea

19
Q

NAme characteristsics of fungi

A

unicellular or multicellular and absorb food

20
Q

characteristics of plantae

A

multicellular and make their own food

21
Q

characteristsics of animalia

A

multicellular and take in their food

22
Q

Name characterstics of living organism s

A
  1. Grow and Reproduce
  2. Respond to the environment and its changes
  3. Evolve and Adapt
  4. Have a Metabolism
  5. Have an Organized Structure
  6. Are Composed of Organic Molecules
23
Q

What is the basic unit of life

A

Cells

24
Q

Name the fundamental components of cells

A
  1. Cytoplasm (a gel-like substance composed of water and
    dissolved chemicals needed for growth),
  2. Plasma membrane (also called a cell membrane or
    cytoplasmic membrane) which contains the cytoplasm
    and defines the cell from its environment.
  3. DNA, in the form of at least one chromosome, which
    contain the genetic blueprints of the cell.
  4. Ribosomes, organelles used for the production of
    proteins based on sequences in the DNA.
25
Q

Name 2 basic cell types and their characteristics

A
  1. Prokaryotic
    * Usually < 0.005mm
    * No organelles
    * No nucleus
  2. Eukaryotic
    * Usually 0.02-0.05mm
    * Organelles
    * Nucleus
26
Q

Both ___ & ___ are prokaryotic organisms

A

Archaea and bacteria

27
Q

Who came first ? Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have existed for 2.5 billion years, as opposed to
Eukaryotes, which came 1 billion years later!

28
Q

What is the earliest fossil ?

A

Stromatolites

29
Q

The first eukaryotes

A

Oldest fossils of multicellular life measure up to 12 cm across and date back 2.1 billion
years (unlike any living life form)

30
Q

When did Algae first show up

A

1.6 billion
YA, but is not recognizable until
1.2 billion YA.

31
Q

What are the first animals that we recognize ?

A

Sponges - 650 MYA

32
Q

When did we discover early animals

A

Ediacarab period - 575 MYA

33
Q

When did early marine life start ?

A

– the Burgess Shale in B.C. –
505 MYA

Created by mudslides
into cold, deep, oxygen-free water where bacteria could
not decompose the soft-bodied animals.

Left excellent impressions of a host of marine fauna!

34
Q

What was the cambrian explosion ?

A

The beginning of many living groups of animals.

Predators first appear
Chordates
Jawed fish
Trilobites (cousins of horseshoe crabs)

35
Q

What is the movement to land

A

475 MYA
Plants moved to land with the help of fungi, first as
algae, then as plants that resemble today’s mosses
and liverworts.

36
Q

What is cladoxylopsids

A

The first trees 380 MYA

Had xylem to carry water up
the tree from the roots, but
the structure was actually
more complex than modern
trees!

37
Q

When did insects appear

A

418 MYA

38
Q

What are the oldest known vertebrates with legs

A

tetrapods – 370 MYA

39
Q

What are synapsids

A

predecessors to the dinosaurs – 320 MYA

40
Q

When was the dinosaur period

A

230 MYA – 65 MYA

41
Q

What are melanosomes

A

organelles that make colours – in several fossils.

42
Q

Carboniferous period

A

Forests of Fern, Horsetails,
and proto-gymnosperms
made up the Carboniferous
period, 360 – 300 MYA,
make up most of our coal
deposits today.

43
Q

When was the rise of the mammals

A

After the Dinosaurs – Rise of the
Mammals
50 MYA – 10 MYA

44
Q

Introduction of hominins

A

7 MYA – 1 MYA

NATS (10 decks)

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