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BI276 Final > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

Functional unit of genetic information

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2
Q

Genetic elements

A

large molecules and/or chromosomes

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3
Q

genome

A

genetic information in a cell

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4
Q

informational macromolecules

A

nucleic acids and proteins

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5
Q

genomics

A

sequencing and molecular characterization of genomes

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6
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup containing potential properties

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7
Q

phenotype

A

actual expressed properties

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8
Q

nucleotides

A

nucleic acid monomers
dna and rna are polynucleotides
three components; pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

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9
Q

nucleoside

A

has pentose sugar and nitrogenase base, no phosphate

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10
Q

Phoephodiester bonds

A

connect ‘3 carbon of one sugar 5’ carbon of the adjacent sugar

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11
Q

Primary structure

A

sequence of nucleotides that encode genetic information

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12
Q

Properties of double helix

A

double stranded, held together by hydrogen bonding between bases

two strands complementary base sequences AT GC

Strands anti parallel 5-3 3-5 forming double helix

major and minor grooves

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13
Q

Positive supercoiling

A

Double helix is overwound
wound in same direction as the right handed double helix
DNA helicase mediated

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14
Q

Negative supercoiling

A

double helix is underwound
wound in opposite direction of the right handed double helix
dna gyrase mediated

predominant form in nature

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15
Q

Topoisomerases

A

insert and remove supercoils

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16
Q

negative supercoiling

A

twisted in opposite sense relative to right handed double helix, most cells

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17
Q

DNA gyrase

A

introduces supercoils into dna via double strand breaks

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18
Q

positive supercoiling

A

helps prevent dna melting at high temps, ex. some archaea

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19
Q

Central dogma

A

genetic information flow can be divided into three stages, dna to rna to protein

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20
Q

messenger rna

A

carry info to ribosomes

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21
Q

transfer rna

A

convert mrna information to amino acid sequence

22
Q

ribosomal rna

A

catalytic and structural ribosome components

23
Q

replication

A

dna is duplicated by dna polymerase

24
Q

transcription

A

information from dna is transferred to rna by rna polymerase

25
Q

translation

A

information in mrna is used to build polypeptides on ribosome

26
Q

eukaryotes info flow

A

each gene transcribes indivi into single mrna
replication and transcri occurs in nucleus
rnas must be exported outside nucleus for translation

27
Q

prokaryotes into flow

A

multiple genes may be transcribed in one mrna
coupled transcription and translation occur producing proteins at maximal rate

28
Q

chromosome

A

main genetic element in prokaryotes

most bacteria and archaea have single circular chromosome carrying all/most genes

euk: 2+ linear chromosomes

29
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular or linear dna molecules
replicate sep from chromosome
generally beneficial
not extracellular
expendable

30
Q

virulence factor

A

Ability to attach or produce toxins (some bacteria have them encoded by plasmids)

31
Q

bacteriocins

A

proteins that inhibit or kill closely related species or different strains of same species (can be plasmid encoded)

32
Q

Rhizobia

A

require plasmid encoded functions to fix nitrogen

33
Q

4 types of plasmids

A
  1. Resistance plasmids
  2. Virulence plasmids
  3. metabolic plasmids
  4. conjugative plasmids
34
Q

Direction of DNA replication?

A

Always 5 to 3

35
Q

DNA polymerases

A

catalyze polymerization of deoxynucleotides

can only add nucleotides to preexisting and require primer (short stretch of rna)

36
Q

DNA helicase

A

unwinds double helix

37
Q

Replisome

A

large replication complex of multiple proteins

38
Q

Primosome

A

helicase and primase sub complex within replisome

39
Q

mutations

A

change in dna sequence, proofreading to ensure high fidelity

40
Q

Wild type strain

A

a reference strain or a strain isolated from nature

41
Q

mutant

A

a strain (cell or virus) differing from parental (wild) strain

42
Q

mutation

A

stable inheritable changes in dna base sequencing

single base changes more common, point mutations

larger mutations are less common, insertion, deletion, inversion, duplication, translocation

can be spontaneous or induced

43
Q

frame shift mutation

A

deletions or insertions of one to two base pairs

dramatic changes to dna

reading frame is shifted causing downstream codons to be read incorrectly

44
Q

Reversion

A

point mutations are typically reversible

occurs when alteration in DNA reverses effects of prior mutation

45
Q

same site revertant

A

mutation is at the same site as original mutation

46
Q

second site revertant

A

mutation is at a different site in the dna (suppressor mutation)

47
Q

chemical mutagens (3)

A

base analogs, mistakes occur when incorporated and propagated

dna modifying agents, higher freq than base analogs, faulty base pairing

intercalating agents, distort dna to induce single base insert or delete

48
Q

auxotroph

A

any mutant microorganism with a nutritional requirement that is absent in the parent (wild type)

49
Q

Ames test

A

looks for inc in mutation of bacteria in presence of suspected mutagen

mutagens lead to a reversion of mutants back to wild type phenotype

wide variety of chemicals have been screened for toxicity and carcinogenicity

50
Q

Transformation

A

taking up naked dna from the surrounding environment

51
Q

conjugation

A

pilus mediated transfer between neighbouring cells

52
Q

transduction

A

viral transfer of genes

BI276 Final (6 decks)

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