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BI276 Final > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

virus

A

genetic element that cannot replicate independently of living host cell

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2
Q

features of a virus (4)

A
  1. obligatory intracellular parasite
  2. lack enzymes for protein syn and atp generation
  3. contain single type of nucleic acid, contain a protein coat surrounding it
  4. cause the syn of specialized structures that can trans viral nucleic acid to other cells
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3
Q

virus genetic material

A

dna to rna to protein

viruses have one type of nucleic acid (never both dna and rna)

can be circular, but most are linear

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4
Q

capsid

A

protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid material

size is based on size of genetic material

arranged precisely and in highly repetitive pattern

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5
Q

capsomeres

A

assemblies of several distinct proteins associated in specific ways

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6
Q

nucleocapsid

A

complete complex of nucleic acid and protein packaged in the virion

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7
Q

nucleocapsid symmetry (2)

A
  1. helical symmetry
  2. icosahedral symmetry (spherical)
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8
Q

enveloped viruses

A

some viruses contain lipid bilayer

membrane envelope is host derived but can also have viral encoded proteins

membrane envelope makes the initial contact with host instead of nucleocapsid (naked viruses)

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9
Q

complex viruses

A

virions composed of several parts, each with separate shapes and sym

icosahedral heads and helical tails

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10
Q

Lysozyme

A

Makes hole in cell wall, lyses bacterial cell

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11
Q

nucleic acid polymerases

A

especially important for rna viruses

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12
Q

neuraminidases

A

enzyme that cleave glycosidic bonds

allows liberation of viruses from cell

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13
Q

host range

A

spectrum of the host cells the virus can infect

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14
Q

titer

A

number of infectious units per volume of liquid

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15
Q

plaque assay

A

analogous to the bacterial colony

clear zones that develop on lawns of host cells

lawn can be bacterial or tissue culture

each plaque results from infection by a single particle

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16
Q

Phases of Viral Replication (5)

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry
  3. synthesis
  4. assembly
  5. release
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17
Q

T-Even bacteriophages (t2, t4, t6)

A

lytic viruses, some can undergo lysogenic (temperate) cycles, phage remains inactive (latent)

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18
Q

Replication of retrovirus

A

reverse transcription of one of the two rna genomes (reverse transcriptase)

integration of retroviral dna into host genome (integrase)

generation of retroviral dna

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19
Q

decontamination

A

treatment of an object to make it safe to handle

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20
Q

disinfection

A

directly targets pathogens, not necessarily all microorganisms

kills or severely inhibits growth

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21
Q

heat sterilization

A

decimal reduction time (D), amount of time required at given temp to reduce viability

exponential relationship

heat kills faster at higher temp

most heat better than dry heat

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22
Q

thermal death time

A

time to kill all cells at a given temperature; affected by population size

23
Q

inhibition

A

effectively limiting microbial growth

24
Q

sterilization

A

killing or removal of all viable organisms within a growth medium

25
Q

disinfection

A

directly targets the removal of all pathogens, not necessarily microorganisms

26
Q

antisepsis

A

disinfection of living tissue

27
Q

sanitization

A

lowering microbial counts to safe public health levels

28
Q

factors affecting antimicrobial treatments (4)

A

number of microbes
exposure time
specific microbial characteristics
environmental influences

29
Q

viral death caused by (3)

A

alteration in membrane permeability
compromising the cell wall
damage to proteins and nucleic acids

30
Q

Microbial growth control: Physical (3)

A
  1. heat sterilization
  2. radiation sterilization
  3. filter sterilization
31
Q

Microbial growth control: Chemical (2)

A

External use chemicals
Other agents:
antimicrobial agents
antiviral agents

32
Q

Thermal death point

A

lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a particular liquid will be killed in 10 minutes

33
Q

Decimal reduction time

A

amount of time required to reduce viability tenfold at given temperature

34
Q

Autoclave

A

Sealed heating device, steam under pressure
121C
Kills endospores

35
Q

Pasteurization

A

Used heat to significantly reduce the microbial load in heat sensitive liquids

not all organisms killed

all known pathogenic bacteria killed

36
Q

UV radiation

A

decontamination of exposed surfaces, causes mods or breaks in DNA

37
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

electromagnetic radiation that produces reactive molecules/ions with which radiation particles collide

38
Q

-cidal

A

kills microorganisms

39
Q

-static

A

inhibits growth

40
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration

A

smallest amount of an agent needed to inhibit the growth of a microorganism

41
Q

Zone of growth inhibition

A

area of no growth around disk

42
Q

Selective toxicity, academic and definition

A

Paul Ehrlich 1900s

The ability to inhibit or kill a pathogen without affecting the host

43
Q

Penicillins

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis
no crosslinking peptidoglycans
b-lactam ring
includes carbpenems and monobactams

44
Q

cephalosporins

A

inhibit cell wall structure
resistant to penicillinases
effective against many gram negatives

45
Q

Agents that target protein synthesis

A
  1. chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides
  2. macrolides
  3. tetracycline
46
Q

What targets DNA function?

A
  1. quinolones and fluoroquinolones
    interfere with bacterial dna gyrase, prevents supercoiling
47
Q

Agents that target metabolic function

A

Sulfonamides
inhibit synthesis of a variety of essential metabolites
generally bacteriostatic

48
Q

epidemic

A

new cases of a certain disease restricted to one location

49
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic of a certain disease, that has spread across human populations across a large region/continent

50
Q

Vaccines

A

Illicit a lasting immune response in the absence of a pathogen, can consist of following :
killed pathogen
attenuated microbes
inactivated bacterial toxins

51
Q

Whole cell vaccines

A

Consist of bacteria or viruses that are either inactivated (killed) or attenuated (live but not virulent)

52
Q

Acellular or subunit vaccines

A

use of specific purified macromolecules derived from pathogenic microbes helps avoid some risk associated with whole cell vaccines

Ex:
capsular polysaccharides
recombinant surface antigens
inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)

53
Q

Adjuvants

A

mixed with antigens in vaccines to enhance the rate and degree of immunization

can be any nontoxic material that prologues antigen interaction w/ immune cells and stimulates the immune response to antigen

BI276 Final (6 decks)

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