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BI276 Final > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Energy Production: Chemoorganotrophs

A

Glucose: glycolysis, entner doudoroff
lipids: C.A.C
proteins: enter from glycolysis or C.A.C
ETC and PMF
High ATP

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2
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Occurs both oxic and anoxic
oxic = O2 terminal electron acceptor

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3
Q

Respiration of e. coli

A

No complex III, conserves less energy, exch 8 H+ for every 2 electrons

No O2 and nitrate: used nitrate reductase as terminal reductase, less energy, 6 H+

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4
Q

Chemolithotrophy

A

Inorganic chems as electron donors, begins w/ oxidation of inorganic electron donor, electrons enter ETC.
ex. H2S, H2, Fe, NH4

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5
Q

Who depends on oxidative phosphorylation and what’s the gain?

A

Both chemoorgano (heterotrophs) and chemolitho (autotrophs, CO2 CS) Aerobic or anaerobic. Difference is source of cellular carbon. Chemolitho use reverse electron transport

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6
Q

Energy Production: Chemolitho

A

Biogeochemical cycling
1. oxidize hydrogen
2. oxidize NH4 to nitrate
3. sulfur oxidizing microbes

CO2 = macromolecules
NADH reducing power

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7
Q

Chemolitho reducing power

A

NADH is reducing power
Obtained by:
1. directly from inorganic molecule
2. from reverse electron flow in ETC

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8
Q

H2 Oxidizing Bacteria

A

Membrane hydrogenase involved in energy generation

Cytoplasmic hydrogenase provides reducing power directly from inorganic molecule

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9
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Nitrogen cycling via nitrification
Req 2 diff genera
Oxidize NH4 in two steps aerobically
1. Nitrosomonas
2. Nitrobacter

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10
Q

Nitrobacter in ETC

A

When atp needed: forward etc and creation of pmf
reducing power NADH from reverse ETC

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11
Q

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

A

Insoluble, ext. sulfur attach themselves to crystals to oxidize elemental sulfur via membrane/periplasmic proteins

Oxidize H2S, elemental sulfur (S0) and thiosulfate (S2O3) to sulfate

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12
Q

Sulfur oxidizing bac, how are energy rich compounds synthesized?

A
  1. oxidative phosphorylation
  2. substrate-level phosphorylation

APS reductase

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13
Q

Energy Production: Phototrophy

A

E from light trapped and converted to chem energy (ATP, NADH, NADPH)
Typically also Autotrophs

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14
Q

2 Part Process for photoautotrophy:

A
  1. Light reactions: capture light with pigments and convert to ATP (phototroph)
  2. Dark reactions: ATP used to reduce CO2 and synthesize cell constituents (autotroph)
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15
Q

Phototrophic Pigments

A

Organisms must produce some form of chlorophyll (or bacteriochloro) to be photosynthetic

Chlorophyll related to porophyrins, single Mg atom to 4 planar rings, diff func groups = diff chlorophyll

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16
Q

Chlorophyll light absorption

A

Mid 600s nm and low 400 nm, green light transmitted. Different chlorophylls = diff absorption spectra

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17
Q

What chlorophylls do cyanobacteria, prochlorophytes, and anoxygenic phototrophs produce?

A

CB: chlorophyll a
PCP: chlorophyll a and b
AOXP: bacteriochlorophylls

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18
Q

Where is chlorophyll located in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes: thylakoids
Prokaryotes: No chloroplasts, diff systems include: cytoplasmic membrane, membrane invagination, chlorosomes, thylakoid membranes

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19
Q

Carotenoids;
Where? What do they do?

A

Firmly embedded into phototrophic membranes

Absorb diff wavelengths of light, yellow, red, brown, or green. absorb blue light.

Can also act to protect bacteria from oxidizing sunlight.

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20
Q

Phycobiliproteins;
Where? What do they do?

A

In CyB + red algae, tetrapyrroles bound to proteins, form aggregates called phycobilisomes, allow cell to grow at low light

21
Q

How is chlorophyll and accessory pigments arranged?

A

Arrays called antennas; large surface area to maximize photon capture

22
Q

Where is captured light transferred?

A

To reaction centres, conversion of light to ATP

23
Q

What is the Photosystem?

A

antenna and its associated reaction-centre chlorophyll.

Electron flow to PMF to ATP

24
Q

Definition of phototrophy and the 3 types

A

Use of light energy to fuel cellular activity

  1. Anoxygenic photosynthesis
  2. Oxygenic
  3. Rhodopsin-based
    All ATP MADE
25
Q

What does phototrophy generate with light?

A

PMF.
ATP synthase makes ATP by phosphorylation. Oxygenic or anoxygenic.

26
Q

Purple bacteria info. Phototrophy.

A

Anoxygenic. Common in anoxic aquatic environ.
Light into chem energy. PRC.
RC contains photopigments, they absorb light, trans E to PRC, forms PMF that ATP synthesis.

27
Q

What happens to electrons in purple bacteria?

A

They are returned. cyclic photo phosphorylation

28
Q

Phototrophy; What’s required to reduce power? Where does it come from? How?

A

NADH required to produce cell material.

Can come from variety of e- donors (H2S ex)

Reverse electron transport. (from quinone pool backwards to reduce NAD to NADH)

29
Q

Examples of mostly obligate anaerobes. E source?

A

Purple bacteria, Heliobac (G+), acidobac.

E source is something other than H2O. O2 not produced.

30
Q

Anoxygenic photosystem. What’s involved? e- transport? Held in place?

A

Photosystem involves bacteriochlorophyll.

Occur in reaction centre

LMH Polypeptides.

31
Q

Two light reactions?

A

Photosystem I and II

32
Q

Oxygenic photo: Atp production?

A

Non-cyclic or cyclic phosphorylation

33
Q

What happens in noncyclic electron flow? oxyphoto

A

PSII becomes active
ATP + NADPH made

34
Q

What happens in cyclic e- flow?

A

ATP made
Only PSI active

35
Q

Bacteriorhodopsin based phototrophy

A

some arch and bac use rhidopsin
membrane protein which functions as a light driven proton pump
synthesis of atp by pmf and atlases
etc not involved

36
Q

halobacterium salinarum

A

halophilic archaea

normally chemoorgano

makes bacteriorhodopsin under high light and low O2

O2 not soluble in high salt environment

phototrophic until o2 level increases

37
Q

Amphibolic pathways

A

reaction pathways that utilize roles of both catabolism and anabolism

operate simultaneously, independent

important examples: glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, CAC

38
Q

Metabolism control (3) mechanisms

A
  1. transcriptional/translational regulation of enzymes (pos + neg regulators, mrna lifetime)
  2. metabolic channeling, diff local of enzymes and metabolites, compartmentalization
  3. post translational regulation, occurs to enzyme after syn
39
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

happens with most regulatory enzymes

activity altered by small molecule (effector), bonds non covalently at regulatory site, changes shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site

40
Q

Covalent modification

A

reversible on and off switch

addition or removal of a chemical group

advantage is being able to respond to more stimuli in varied and sophisticated ways

41
Q

Cell can use these to manufacture all of its needs

A

precursor metabolites

42
Q

Anabolism

A

biosynthesis of cellular macromolecules, C and N required

43
Q

Nitrogen fixation
2 Proteins in complex

A

Reaction catalyzed by nitrogenase complex

dinitrogenase reductase (rapidly inhibited by O2)
dinitrogenase

44
Q

Sulfur’s necessities

A

Syn of amino acids cysteine and methionine. Syn of coenzyme A and biotin.

45
Q

Sulfur reduction pathway

A

Sulfate activated by ATP
formation of PAPS intermediate
reduced to sulfite
further reduced to h2s, added to serine to make cysteine

46
Q

5 CO2 fixation pathways

A
  1. calvin cycle
  2. reverse cac
  3. hydroxypropionate cycle
  4. acetyl-coa pathway
  5. 3 hydroxylpropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate pathway
47
Q

calvin cycle

A

most common autotrophic pathway to fix Co2
6 co2 to one molecule glucose

48
Q

Calvin cycle phases: (3)

A
  1. Carboxylation phase
    catalyzes co2, 6 carbon to 2 phosglyc
  2. reduction phase, 2atp 2nadph consumed, reverse glycolysis
  3. regeneration phase, ribulose 1,5 regeneration, another atp consumed

BI276 Final (6 decks)

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