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HES 105 > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary ventilation refers to:

A

the mechanical mvmt of air in and out of the body

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2
Q

what is eupnea and describe muscles involved

A

eupnea is quiet breathing

inspiration is active and expiration is passive

muscles involved are the diaphragm and the external intercostals

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3
Q

what is hyperpnea and describe muscles involved

A

increased Ve that matches metabolic demands

Inspiration is active and expiration is also active

Muscles involved in inspiration: diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid

Muscles involved in expiration: abdominals and internal intercostals

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4
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The total volume of air that we inspire or expire every minute - what we can easily measure

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5
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The volume of each breath (VT)

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6
Q

Define breathing frequency or respiratory rate

A

Number of breaths per min (fB)

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7
Q

Define alveolar ventilation

A

Amount of air that reaches the alveoli and can participate in gas exchange - effective ventilation (what we care about)

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8
Q

Define dead space (VD)

A

Portion of each breath that gets wasted

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9
Q

Define anatomical dead space

A

Air that never reaches the alveoli

Always there

Assumed to be 150 mL

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10
Q

Define physiological dead space

A

Air that never reaches the alveoli with no/poor perfusion (blood flow)

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11
Q

What is the formula for calculating minute ventilation

A

VE = VT x fB

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12
Q

What is the formula for alveolar ventilation

A

VA = (VT - VD (assumed 150 mL)) x FB

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13
Q

Outline the three phases associated with the VE response to dynamic exercise

A

Phase 1: immediate increase - fast component ~ 10 s

Phase 2: exponential increase - slow component ~ 1 min (more at high intensity)

Phase 3: steady state - appropriate for MR unless intensity is too high to be supported aerobically - steady state never attained

VE plateaus within 1-2 mins

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14
Q

Review pages 5 6 and 7 of respiratory I

A
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15
Q

What are early VE responses driven by

A

VT and then FB

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16
Q

What does reducing VD/VT mean

A

You have to move less air to meet gas exchange needs - saves energy

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17
Q

Why is breathing tightly controlled

A
  • to match metabolic demands (VO2 and VCO2)
  • to maintain acid-base balance (pH)
  • to clear airways
  • to communicate (phonation + emotional expression)
18
Q

What is the term used for under ventilation

A

Hypoventilation

Insufficient supply
- can’t meet metabolic demands
- reduced energy capacity
- serious consequences - death blah

Insufficient clearance
- CO2 accumulates
- causes problems on its own

19
Q

What is the term used for over ventilation

A

Hyperventilation

Waste of energy
Slight oversupply of O2 (not harmful)
Excessive clearance of CO2:
- CO2 levels drop
- causes problems on its own

20
Q

Where is the central control of breathing and what triggers inspiration

A

In the brainstem - pons and medulla

Nerves trigger inspiration

21
Q

Describe volitional control of breathing

A
  • how we can voluntarily override our breathing control centers
  • involves higher brain centers - cerebral cortex
22
Q

Describe chemical control of breathing

A

Uses central chemoreceptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery
- together, they sense CO2, pH, and O2 of arterial blood

23
Q

What is ventilation stimulated by

A
  • increased CO2
  • decreased pH -> increased H+
  • decreased O2
24
Q

What is the influence of body temp on the breathing control centers

A

Temp directly excites the breathing control centers - increased VE

25
Q

What is the contribution of proprioceptors on the breathing control centers

A

Sensory input from muscles, joints and tendons provide input that the body is moving - increased VE

26
Q

What is the influence of higher centers on the breathing control center

A

Cortical control
- includes volitional control
- non-volitional influences include:
- thinking about/planning/controlling mvmt
- central command

Hypothalamic control
- strong emotion
- perception of pain and intense effort

27
Q

describe what O2 and CO2 look like in the following conditions:
1. inspired air
2. alveolar air
3. arterial blood
4. venous blood

A
  1. PIO2 and PICO2
  2. PAO2 and PACO2
  3. PaO2 and PaCO2
  4. PVO2 and PVCO2
28
Q

in exercise induced hyperpnea, what factors are responsible for:

  1. initial jump to phase I
  2. gradual climb and settling in at steady state
  3. ventilatory drift that happens after ~30 mins
A
  1. brain involvement in generating mvmt (anticipatory response)
  2. brain involvement in generating mvmt, mvmt of muscles and joints, perception of mvmt and effort
  3. increased body temp
29
Q

what is the ACSM classification and what are its pros and cons

A

all possible intensities from rest to max divided into 5 categories

pro: very simple to apply to anyone

con: doesnt make much sense physiologically or metabolically

30
Q

define domains

A

domains (the categories) are defined by metabolic processes that occur at that intensity

31
Q

define boundaries

A

boundaries between domains are defined by physiological events - we figure out the lower/upper limits of each domain by determining the boundaries

32
Q

what do we determine boundaries/domains based on and what is a pro and a con of this

A

we determine boundaries and domains based on: HR, power, and speed

pro: based on individual physiology rather than guesses

con: technically demanding and resource intensive to determine

33
Q

what is determination useful for

A
  1. assessing/monitoring subtle changes in fitness
  2. determining precise training intensities to elicit specific metabolic adaptations
  3. predicting endurance performance
34
Q

describe the extreme intensity domain

A

steady state: not attainable
sustainability: less than 2 mins
anaerobic contribution: significant
fatigue mechanisms: accumulation of metabolites, central fatigue

35
Q

describe the severe intensity domain

A

steady state: not attainable
sustainability: several minutes
anaerobic contribution: substantial
fatigue mechanisms: accumulation of metabolites, central fatigue
example: VO2 max

36
Q

describe the heavy intensity domain

A

steady state: reached within 10-20 mins
sustainability: multiple hours
anaerobic contribution: obvious
fatigue mechanisms: glycogen depletion, central fatigue
example: maximum sustainable intensity

37
Q

describe the moderate intensity domain

A

steady state: reached within 2-3 mins
sustainability: indefinitely
anaerobic contribution: negligible
fatigue mechanisms: central fatigue
example: measurable anaerobiosis

38
Q

describe metabolic thresholds

A

they represent physiologically significant events

1st metabolic threshold
- when anaerobic glycolysis rises above the baseline
- boundary between moderate and heavy domains

2nd metabolic threshold
- when the rate of anaerobic glycolysis makes exercise unsustainable
- boundary between heavy/severe domains

39
Q

how can we identify thresholds

A

we can identify thresholds using data from incremental tests to maximum

lactate data -> lactate thresholds (LT1/LT2)
ventilatory data -> ventilatory thresholds (VT1/VT2)

40
Q

describe LT1

A

intensity where [La-] first increases more than or equal to 1 mmol/L above baseline
- [La-] is now spilling into the blood because rate of La production exceeds rate of La clearance by the cell

41
Q

describe LT2

A

intensity where [La-] vs WL curve starts to increase more steeply
- La is now accumulating in the blood because the rate of La production exceeds the rate of La clearance from the blood (skeletal muscle, heart, liver)

HES 105 (16 decks)

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