week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define energy

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

what are the 3 forms of energy and describe them

A

mechanical energy: mvmt of an object of potential to move

chemical energy: energy stored in the bonds of a molecule

thermal energy: energy due to the vibrations of molecules

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3
Q

what CAN energy do and what can energy NOT do

A

2nd law of thermodynamics:
energy CAN be transformed (converted) or transferred (passed on)

1st law of thermodynamics:
energy CAN NOT be created or destroyed

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4
Q

what units is energy measured in

A

the same units as work: joules and calories

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5
Q

list some examples of biological work

A
  • muscle contraction
  • synthesizing things
  • pumping ions against their electrochemical gradient
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6
Q

define anabolism vs. catabolism

A

anabolism: building things up
catabolism: breaking things down

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7
Q

define endergonic vs. exergonic

A

endergonic: energy absorption
exergonic: energy release

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8
Q

define metabolic rate (MR)

A

energy cost per unit time

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9
Q

what are the 3 macronutrients that we eat, digest, store and harness energy from

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats/lipids
  3. protein
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9
Q

what is MR influenced by

A
  • maximal MR
  • increased/decreased activity MR
  • thermogenesis
  • resting MR (RMR)
  • basal MR (BMR)
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10
Q

is the conversion of ATP to ADP exergonic or endergonic

A

it is exergonic because ATP is releasing energy

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11
Q

what are the three different energy systems that we can use to resynthesize ATP

A

anaerobic pathways:
1. phosphagen system
- immediate system
- very fast but runs out quick
- energy from phosphocreatine
2. anaerobic glycolysis
- short-term system
- fast but makes a mess
- energy from CHO

aerobic pathways:
3. cellular respiration
- long-term system
- slow, steady, reliable
- energy from CHO, lipids, protein

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12
Q

true or false: all energy systems are running at all times

A

true!

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13
Q

what is the law of conservation of mass

A

matter is conserved, but transformed

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14
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy is conserved, but transformed

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15
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

in all transformations, some USABLE energy will always be lost as heat

16
Q

describe the phosphagen system

A

system with the highest power but the lowest capability. it is the primary pathway for strength, power and sprint

17
Q

what is the creatine kinase reaction and where does each aspect of it come from

A

PCr + ADP -> ATP + Cr

PCr: phosphate donor and the energy source
creatine kinase is the enzyme that helps to catabolize PCr
- P is released
- Energy is released
Energy is used to bind P to ADP, forming ATP
Cr is leftover and can get recycled back into PCr

18
Q

what is the myokinase reaction

A

ADP + ADP -> ATP + AMP

myokinase is the enzyme
AMP = adenosine monophosphate

19
Q

define glycolysis

A

the catabolism (breaking down) of sugar (glucose)

involves splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
net release of energy, which is used to resynthesize ATP

20
Q

what pathway is used w/ sufficient oxygen vs. w/ insufficient oxygen

A

sufficient O2: aerobic glycolysis
insufficient O2: anaerobic glycolysis

21
Q

REVIEW GLYCOLYSIS

21
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

adding Pi to any molecule

22
Q

describe the investment phase

A

cost: 2 ATP/glucose or 1 ATP if using glycogen

Pi transferred from ATP to glucose - energy released from cleaving ATP is transferred to higher-energy intermediate

22
REVIEW SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
23
REWATCH 2ND WEEK 2 SLIDESHOW FOR GLYCOLYSIS STUFF
24
describe the pay-off phase
makes 2 ATP/pyruvate, 4 ATP/glucose, and 4 ATP if using glycogen Pi is transferred from the intermediate molecule to ADP. The energy released from the conversion of higher to lower energy intermediate used transferred to ATP
25
describe phosphofructokinases role in glycolysis
in glycolysis, PFK is the rate-limiting enzyme - ADP and Pi activate PFK - indicate we are short on ATP - ATP and PCR inhibit PFK - indicate we are well stocked - citrate inhibits PFK - a sign that fats are being metabolized - H+ inhibits PFK - not a helpful signal - just a consequence of acidity
26
what are 2 things that influence glycolytic rate?
1. substrate availability 2. NAD+ availability
27