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HES 105 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define energy

A

ability to do work

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2
Q

what are the 3 forms of energy and describe them

A

mechanical energy: mvmt of an object of potential to move

chemical energy: energy stored in the bonds of a molecule

thermal energy: energy due to the vibrations of molecules

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3
Q

what CAN energy do and what can energy NOT do

A

2nd law of thermodynamics:
energy CAN be transformed (converted) or transferred (passed on)

1st law of thermodynamics:
energy CAN NOT be created or destroyed

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4
Q

what units is energy measured in

A

the same units as work: joules and calories

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5
Q

list some examples of biological work

A
  • muscle contraction
  • synthesizing things
  • pumping ions against their electrochemical gradient
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6
Q

define anabolism vs. catabolism

A

anabolism: building things up
catabolism: breaking things down

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7
Q

define endergonic vs. exergonic

A

endergonic: energy absorption
exergonic: energy release

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8
Q

define metabolic rate (MR)

A

energy cost per unit time

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9
Q

what are the 3 macronutrients that we eat, digest, store and harness energy from

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. fats/lipids
  3. protein
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9
Q

what is MR influenced by

A
  • maximal MR
  • increased/decreased activity MR
  • thermogenesis
  • resting MR (RMR)
  • basal MR (BMR)
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10
Q

is the conversion of ATP to ADP exergonic or endergonic

A

it is exergonic because ATP is releasing energy

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11
Q

what are the three different energy systems that we can use to resynthesize ATP

A

anaerobic pathways:
1. phosphagen system
- immediate system
- very fast but runs out quick
- energy from phosphocreatine
2. anaerobic glycolysis
- short-term system
- fast but makes a mess
- energy from CHO

aerobic pathways:
3. cellular respiration
- long-term system
- slow, steady, reliable
- energy from CHO, lipids, protein

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12
Q

true or false: all energy systems are running at all times

A

true!

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13
Q

what is the law of conservation of mass

A

matter is conserved, but transformed

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14
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy is conserved, but transformed

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15
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

in all transformations, some USABLE energy will always be lost as heat

16
Q

describe the phosphagen system

A

system with the highest power but the lowest capability. it is the primary pathway for strength, power and sprint

17
Q

what is the creatine kinase reaction and where does each aspect of it come from

A

PCr + ADP -> ATP + Cr

PCr: phosphate donor and the energy source
creatine kinase is the enzyme that helps to catabolize PCr
- P is released
- Energy is released
Energy is used to bind P to ADP, forming ATP
Cr is leftover and can get recycled back into PCr

18
Q

what is the myokinase reaction

A

ADP + ADP -> ATP + AMP

myokinase is the enzyme
AMP = adenosine monophosphate

19
Q

define glycolysis

A

the catabolism (breaking down) of sugar (glucose)

involves splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
net release of energy, which is used to resynthesize ATP

20
Q

what pathway is used w/ sufficient oxygen vs. w/ insufficient oxygen

A

sufficient O2: aerobic glycolysis
insufficient O2: anaerobic glycolysis

21
Q

REVIEW GLYCOLYSIS

A
21
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

adding Pi to any molecule

22
Q

describe the investment phase

A

cost: 2 ATP/glucose or 1 ATP if using glycogen

Pi transferred from ATP to glucose - energy released from cleaving ATP is transferred to higher-energy intermediate

22
Q

REVIEW SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

A
23
Q

REWATCH 2ND WEEK 2 SLIDESHOW FOR GLYCOLYSIS STUFF

A
24
Q

describe the pay-off phase

A

makes 2 ATP/pyruvate, 4 ATP/glucose, and 4 ATP if using glycogen

Pi is transferred from the intermediate molecule to ADP. The energy released from the conversion of higher to lower energy intermediate used transferred to ATP

25
Q

describe phosphofructokinases role in glycolysis

A

in glycolysis, PFK is the rate-limiting enzyme

  • ADP and Pi activate PFK - indicate we are short on ATP
  • ATP and PCR inhibit PFK - indicate we are well stocked
  • citrate inhibits PFK - a sign that fats are being metabolized
  • H+ inhibits PFK - not a helpful signal - just a consequence of acidity
26
Q

what are 2 things that influence glycolytic rate?

A
  1. substrate availability
  2. NAD+ availability
27
Q
A

HES 105 (16 decks)

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