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Cogs 101A > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What do our skins and touch sensations do?

A
  • Protect inner organ systems
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Provide strong social feedback
  • Enable planned motion
  • Detect objects and textures
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2
Q

The ability to sense the ** position** of the body and limbs.

A

Proprioception

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3
Q

The ability to sense ** movement ** of the body and limb.

A

Kinethesis

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4
Q

Perception of touch and pain from stimulation of the skin.

A

Cutaneous senses

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5
Q

Proprioception

A

Our (static) perception of our bodies, caused by feedback rom the skin, muscles, and joints.

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6
Q

Kinethesis

A

Tracking our body as it moves
- information is sent to the spinal cord and brain from Corgi tendon organs (monitor tension) and muscle spindles (monitor stretch and speed). These are proprioceptors.
- motor signals return to the muscle to execute both planned and automatic movements.

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Provide detail about items we touch and hold.

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8
Q

The receptors that establish our ** cutaneous receptive fields ** include:

A
  • Merkel receptors
  • Meissen corpuscles
  • Ruffini cylinders
  • Pacinian corpuses
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9
Q

Merkel receptors

A

Fire continuously while stimulus is present.
Slow adapting - DETAIL

Have small cutaneous and high acuity. Located close to surface of skin.

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10
Q

Meissen corpuscles

A

Fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed.
Rapid Adapting - responsible fro controlling HANDGRIP.

Have small cutaneous and high acuity. Located close to surface of skin.

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11
Q

Ruffini cylinders

A

Fires continuously to stimulation
Slow adapting - associated with STRETCHING of the skin around objects and gross movements.

Larger cutaneous receptive fields and low acuity. Located deeper in the skin.

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12
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

Fires only when a stimulus is first applied and when it is removed.
Rapid Adapting - associated with sensing FAST VIBRATIONS and FINE TEXTURE.

Larger cutaneous receptive fields and low acuity. Located deeper in the skin.

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13
Q

SA

A

Slow Adapting

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14
Q

RA

A

Rapid Adapting

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15
Q

Which mechanoreceptors seems most useful for kinethesis?
A. Golgi tendon organ
B. Merkel
C. Meissner corpuscles
D. Ruffini cylinders
E. Pacinian corpuscles

A

D

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16
Q

Tactile Acuity

A

Sensitivity to details on the skin

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17
Q

Two-point threshold

A

Minimum separation needed between two points to perceive them as two points.

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18
Q

Grating acuity

A

Place a grooved stimulus on the skin and the participants to indicate the orientation of the grating.

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19
Q

Raised pattern indentification

A

Using letters or simple shapes to determine the smallest size that can be identified

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20
Q

Which mechanoreceptors do you expect to have the greatest acuity in the somatosensory system?
A. Merkel
B. Meissner corpuscles
C. Ruffini cylinders
D. Pacinian corpuscles

A

A

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21
Q

What does the high density of Merkel disk receptors in the fingerprints (glamorous skin) mean?

A

That its sensitive to small differences in the grating space.

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22
Q

What does the firing of the Merkel disk reflect?

A

The pattern in the grooves on a grating acuity test
Pacinian does not

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23
Q

Cortical Magnification

A

Strong correlation between areas of the hand and tactile acuity.

Finger tip > Base of finger > Palm

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24
Q

The Pacinian corpuscle CP is primarily responsible for

A

Sensing vibration

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25
Q

Nerve fibers associated with PCs respond best to

A

High rates of vibration
They are rapid adopting cells.

26
Q

The structure of the PC is responsible for the

A

Response to vibration.
Fibers with the PC covering removed will respond to continuous pressure.

27
Q

Spatial cues

A

Are determined by the size shape and distribution of surface elements like bump and grooves.
SA
Merkel

28
Q

Temporal cues

A

Are determined by the rate of vibration his skin is moved across, finally texture surface like sandpaper.
RA
Pacinian

29
Q

Duplex theory of texture perception

A

Perception of texture need to have special cues and temporal cues acting together.

30
Q

What can you use to determine which rapid adapting cell is involved in texture?

A

Selective adaptation

31
Q

Result of the adaptation experiment to determine which rapid adapting cell involved in texture

A

Only the adaptation to the 250Hz stimulus affected the perception of fine texture.
Movement is necessary for fine texture detection, and this involves Merkel cells and Pacinian corpuscles.

32
Q

Signals travel in bundles of nerve fibers, and enter the spinal cord via the ___

A

Dorsal root

33
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

Consists of smaller fibers that carry temperature and pain information

34
Q

Medial lemniscal pathway

A

Consists of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information

35
Q

Spinothalamic pathway and medial lemniscal pathway, both (mostly) pass through the _____ in the thalamus.

A

Ventral Posterolateral nucleus.

36
Q

Signals travel from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory receiving area (S1), and the secondary receiving area (S2) in the ____ lobe.

A

Parietal

37
Q

Homunculus

A

Cortical representation of the body

38
Q

True or false: sensory and motor maps are static, and would not change.

A

False, the Maps can change in response to sensory input

39
Q

Focal dystonia

A

A neurological disorder that causes involuntary muscle movement or contractions in one part of your body.

40
Q

Haptic perception

A

The use of active touch in the exploration of 3-D objects with the hands

41
Q

Three systems of haptic perception

A
  1. Sensory system
  2. Motor system
  3. Cognitive system
42
Q

exploratory procedures

A

Lateral motion
Pressure
Enclosure
Contour following

43
Q

True or false people can identify objects haptically in 1 to 2 seconds

A

True

44
Q

In somatosensory cortex, single cell recordings indicate

A

Some cells respond, maxima lead to orientations of stimuli and others to direction of the movement.

45
Q

What can also increase the firing rate of somatosensory cells?

A

Paying attention

46
Q

Pain

A

Multi modal phenomenon, containing a sensory component (from the area of pain) and an affective component (emotional).

47
Q

Skin uses pain receptors as a____

A

Threat detection system

48
Q

Congenital insensitivity to pain CIP

A

People with CIP don’t experience pain and can unintentionally injure themselves while performing normal activities.

49
Q

Sensory processing disorder SPD

A

Can result when an individual is too sensitive to common sensations

50
Q

Nociceptive pain

A

These signal impending damage to the skin
- Specific nociceptors respond to heat, chemicals, severe pressure and cold.
- These typically trigger a protective (withdrawal) response.

51
Q

Inflammatory pain

A

Caused by damage or irritation, within tissues and joints

  • Infections or injury associated with immune responses make nociceptors more responsive (hyperalgesia)
  • tumor cells (release toxins in the tissue causing immune response)
52
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Caused by damage to the nervous system, including:
- Brain damage caused by stroke
- Repetitive movement which causes conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.

53
Q

Social pain

A

This perceived pain resulting from interactions with other people (or lack thereof)

  • Sometimes called, psychological or mental pain
  • Typically cases involving depression and social rejection
  • No tissue damage with strong affective element
54
Q

Direct pathway model

A

Suggested that nociceptors are stimulated by the appropriate stimuli, and immediately send signals to the brain.
Problems with this model :
- Pain can be affected by a persons mental state
- Pain can occur when there is no stimulation of the skin (phantom limbs)
- Pain can be affected by a person’s attention.

55
Q

Gate control model

A

the gate consists of substantia gelatinosa cells in the dorsal horn of the signal cord. (SG- and SG+)

56
Q

Gate input

A
  • S small diameter fibers: information from nociceptors.
  • L large diameter fibers: information from tactile stimuli (Mechanoreceptors)
    -Central control: information from top down cognitive factors from the cortex.
57
Q

Gate output

A

Gate output is transmission cell activity. More T cells activity means more intense pain.

58
Q

Pain ____ when the gate is closed by stimulation of SG- by central control or L-fibers.

A

Decreases

59
Q

Pain ______ when stimulation of the S-fibers activate S+ to open the gate.

A

Increases

60
Q

What can we do with the gate control model?

A

We can regulate amount of pain sensed through other tactile input (rub or scratch), or cognitive factors, (mood or attention)

Cogs 101A (10 decks)

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