Week 10 Flashcards
Expectation
When surgical patients are told what to expect, the request less pain medication and leave the hospital earlier.
Placebos can also be effective in reducing pain.
Nobebos with a negative expectation, can increase experienced pain.
Shifting attention
Virtual reality tech has been used to keep patients’ attention on other stimuli rather than the pain-inducing stimulation.
Content of emotional distraction
Participants can tolerate more pain (ex: keep their hands in cold water longer) when pictures they are shown were positive.
Suggestions to change the ** subjective intensity ** led to:
- changes in perceived intensity
- changes in unpleasantness
- associated with changes in S1 activation.
Suggestions to change the ** unpleasantness** of pain led to:
- changes in unpleasantness
- did not affect perceived intensity
- associated with changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (but not S1)
Te pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and other areas of CNS release neurotransmitters called _____.
Endorphins
Endorphins
Activate opiate receptors and reduce pain
People whose brains release more endorphins can withstand higher pain levels.
-injecting naloxone the opioid receptor cites, resulting in more pain.
- naloxone decrease place effectiveness.
Experiment by Naomi Eisenberger
FMRI showed increased activity in ** anterior cingulate** cortex ACC
Basically the player was ignored and felt social distress.
Experiment by Tania Singer
The girl was shocked and watched her bf get shocked and felt pain on both cuz she empathetic or smth.
Insula and anterior cingulate activated
Intrapersonal touch or social touch
Describes a specific type of interaction that involves unique (bottom up) sensory and the (top down) cognitive components.
When hairy skin (non-glabrous) is touched it activates, distinct nerve fibers called________
C-tactile (CT) afferents.
These are inmyelinated and separate from the other mechanoreceptors.
Under the social touch hypothesis, CT afferents and top down processing are the bases for the _____
Affective function of touch.
Using _______, you can compare the firing properties of CT afferent, and Merkel receptors.
Microneurography
Merkel SA1 receptor responses increase with faster brushing.
CT afferents slow their firing after peak velocity.
Pleasantness ratings correlated with CT afferent firing.
Pleasant is modulated by the inferred source of the touch
Phantom limb phenomena.
People (50 to 80%) report feeling pain from a limb that has been amputated.
- it can range from mild to intense
- The pain is localized to a specific place
- Is resistant to top down cognitive central control
Two aspects of the phantom limb
- Feeling sensations from the phantom, or perhaps, from another body part, mapped onto the phantom. - sensory
- Feeling the phantom move (or be cramped in a painful position) - motor
Note: these interact
Seeing the phantom move in the mirror, provide an update to
Kinesthetic and proprioceptive maps in the parietal cortex. This creates the sensation of movement in the phantom.
Visual training can relieve pain and even help eliminate the Phantom limb
The **chemical senses ** are constructed as “gatekeepers” of the body which:
- identify things that should be consumed for survival
- detect things that would be harmful and should be avoided
- during interactions, cause immediate affective responses to encourage and remember the correct responses.
Personal memories triggered by smell is more ____ & )))) when compared to memories triggered by visual images.
Emotional and stronger.
Odor evoked autobiographical memories. OEAM
We also tend to remember more info about autobiographical event cued by odor compared to visual cues.
Proust Effect
Involuntary memory triggered by smell, taste, etc
People are relatively poor at identifying particular ____ _______ without context.
Odor objects (sources of an odor)
Orthonasal Olfaction
Detect molecules (volatile organic compounds) entering nose in gaseous form.
Macrosmatic
Having a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival.
Many animals are macrosmatic (Dogs, bears, most carnivores).
Why animal Macromastic
- Localize other animals/food, find mates, detect threats, etc.
- Some animals have veneronasal organ mainly used in detection of pheromones. This is part of an accessory olfactory system.
Microsmatic
Having a less keen sense of smell that seems less crucial to survival.
Humans
McClintock Effect
Menstrual synchrony caused by women smelling pheromones without knowing.
Exp on nine women, smth about armpit and their periods became in sync.
Babies prefer odor from ___ at birth. Why?
Their lactating mom
Help initiate nursing
Women tend to prefer the scent of men who have greater ___. R his effect is greatest nearing ___.
Body Bilateral Symmetry
Ovulation
Both men and women prefer the odors of potential mates who have ___ ___ ___ patterns unlike their own. Why?
Major histocompatibility complex
This suggest that offsprings may have healthier immune systems.
Rates are ______ times motor sensitive to orders than humans.
8 - 50
Dogs are ___ times more sensitive
300 - 10,000
How are the individual receptors for all of these animals?
They are equally sensitive.
The difference is the number of receptors they each have and how they’re used.
Humans have approx ___ and dogs have ___ olfactory receptors.
10 million
1 billion
What in a scent plume reaching the nostrils is used by some sharks in orienting towards scents?
Bilateral times differences
May be functionally equivalent to ITD cues in auditory localization.
Recognition threshold
Concentration of molecules needed to determine ‘quality’ of an odorant. (Floral, citrus, rotten, etc.)
How many odors can humans discriminate?
1 trillion
But we can’t label them accurately.
This is because of inability to retrieve a specific name from memory, not from ack of sensitivity.
Presbyosmia
After 55 years of age, more than 24% of us will have reduced olfactory sensitivity.
ORNs
OLfactory Receptor Neurons
ORNs in older adults become less selective for odors, responding to multiple odorants.
Anosmia
Loss of sense of smell, from a disease or injury.
- Can be temporary (sick)
- Associated with disease (Parkinson’s, dementia, covid)
- Can be environmental (smoking or medication)
- Long term associated with depression
Maybe recovered thru neurogenesis of new orns.
Isolated Congenital Anosmia
People born without a sense of smell
Why is it hard to map perceptual experience onto physical attributes of odorants?
- There is no physical Language for odor quality (eg color to describe)
- Some molecules with similar structures smell different and some with different structures smell the same.
- There is great variability (30%) between olfactory receptors in people.
Niessing and Friedrich
Found that that the olfactory bulb has different patterns of activity that suggests a ‘categorical’ perception of odors.
Mandairon
Found cross-species (humans and mice) similarities on odor preferences; importantly, ratings of pleasantness could be predicted by the physiochemical properties of odorant molecules.
Identifying odor step 1
An ** odorant ** enters the nasal cavity (orthonasal) and makes contact with the olfactory mucosa.
Olfactory Mucosa
This region is located at the top of the nasal cavity,below the olfactory bulb *(idk where the bulb is lol)
Step 2 of odor indentification
Odorants are carried along the mucosa and dissolve into the surface. They come into contact with the ORNs.
- transduction happens here.
- only one type of receptors on each ORN.
- humans have 400 types of ORs.
- we have ~10,000 of each type of ORN.
Step 3 of odor identification
Signals are carried from the ORNs to glomeruli in the olfactory bulbs.
- ORNs of particular type converge their signals onto one or two glomeruli.
- Optical imaging has shown that specific areas of glomeruli may respond to particular odorants (compounds).
- A map of odorants exists in the olfactory bulbs. This is called a chemotopic map. (Odor map/ odotopic map)
Chemotopic Map
AKA Odor Map, Odotopic Map
A map of odorants in the olfactory bulbs.
