Week 10

Question 1

Expectation

Answer 1

When surgical patients are told what to expect, the request less pain medication and leave the hospital earlier.

Placebos can also be effective in reducing pain.
Nobebos with a negative expectation, can increase experienced pain.

Question 2

Shifting attention

Answer 2

Virtual reality tech has been used to keep patients’ attention on other stimuli rather than the pain-inducing stimulation.

Question 3

Content of emotional distraction

Answer 3

Participants can tolerate more pain (ex: keep their hands in cold water longer) when pictures they are shown were positive.

Question 4

Suggestions to change the ** subjective intensity ** led to:

Answer 4

• changes in perceived intensity
• changes in unpleasantness
• associated with changes in S1 activation.

Question 5

Suggestions to change the ** unpleasantness** of pain led to:

Answer 5

• changes in unpleasantness
• did not affect perceived intensity
• associated with changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (but not S1)

Question 6

Te pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and other areas of CNS release neurotransmitters called _____.

Answer 6

Endorphins

Question 7

Endorphins

Answer 7

Activate opiate receptors and reduce pain

People whose brains release more endorphins can withstand higher pain levels.

-injecting naloxone the opioid receptor cites, resulting in more pain.
- naloxone decrease place effectiveness.

Question 8

Experiment by Naomi Eisenberger

Answer 8

FMRI showed increased activity in ** anterior cingulate** cortex ACC

Basically the player was ignored and felt social distress.

Question 9

Experiment by Tania Singer

Answer 9

The girl was shocked and watched her bf get shocked and felt pain on both cuz she empathetic or smth.

Insula and anterior cingulate activated

Question 10

Intrapersonal touch or social touch

Answer 10

Describes a specific type of interaction that involves unique (bottom up) sensory and the (top down) cognitive components.

Question 11

When hairy skin (non-glabrous) is touched it activates, distinct nerve fibers called________

Answer 11

C-tactile (CT) afferents.
These are inmyelinated and separate from the other mechanoreceptors.

Question 12

Under the social touch hypothesis, CT afferents and top down processing are the bases for the _____

Answer 12

Affective function of touch.

Question 13

Using _______, you can compare the firing properties of CT afferent, and Merkel receptors.

Answer 13

Microneurography

Merkel SA1 receptor responses increase with faster brushing.
CT afferents slow their firing after peak velocity.
Pleasantness ratings correlated with CT afferent firing.
Pleasant is modulated by the inferred source of the touch

Question 14

Phantom limb phenomena.

Answer 14

People (50 to 80%) report feeling pain from a limb that has been amputated.

• it can range from mild to intense
• The pain is localized to a specific place
• Is resistant to top down cognitive central control

Question 15

Two aspects of the phantom limb

Answer 15

1. Feeling sensations from the phantom, or perhaps, from another body part, mapped onto the phantom. - sensory
2. Feeling the phantom move (or be cramped in a painful position) - motor

Note: these interact

Question 16

Seeing the phantom move in the mirror, provide an update to

Answer 16

Kinesthetic and proprioceptive maps in the parietal cortex. This creates the sensation of movement in the phantom.

Visual training can relieve pain and even help eliminate the Phantom limb

Question 17

The **chemical senses ** are constructed as “gatekeepers” of the body which:

Answer 17

• identify things that should be consumed for survival
• detect things that would be harmful and should be avoided
• during interactions, cause immediate affective responses to encourage and remember the correct responses.

Question 18

Personal memories triggered by smell is more ____ & )))) when compared to memories triggered by visual images.

Answer 18

Emotional and stronger.

Question 19

Odor evoked autobiographical memories. OEAM

Answer 19

We also tend to remember more info about autobiographical event cued by odor compared to visual cues.

Question 20

Proust Effect

Answer 20

Involuntary memory triggered by smell, taste, etc

Question 21

People are relatively poor at identifying particular ____ _______ without context.

Answer 21

Odor objects (sources of an odor)

Question 22

Orthonasal Olfaction

Answer 22

Detect molecules (volatile organic compounds) entering nose in gaseous form.

Question 23

Macrosmatic

Answer 23

Having a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival.
Many animals are macrosmatic (Dogs, bears, most carnivores).

Question 24

Why animal Macromastic

Answer 24

• Localize other animals/food, find mates, detect threats, etc.
• Some animals have veneronasal organ mainly used in detection of pheromones. This is part of an accessory olfactory system.

Question 25

Microsmatic

Answer 25

Having a less keen sense of smell that seems less crucial to survival. Humans

Question 26

McClintock Effect

Answer 26

Menstrual synchrony caused by women smelling pheromones without knowing. Exp on nine women, smth about armpit and their periods became in sync.

Question 27

Babies prefer odor from ___ at birth. Why?

Answer 27

Their lactating mom Help initiate nursing

Question 28

Women tend to prefer the scent of men who have greater ___. R his effect is greatest nearing ___.

Answer 28

Body Bilateral Symmetry Ovulation

Question 29

Both men and women prefer the odors of potential mates who have ___ ___ ___ patterns unlike their own. Why?

Answer 29

Major histocompatibility complex This suggest that offsprings may have healthier immune systems.

Question 30

Rates are ______ times motor sensitive to orders than humans.

Answer 30

8 - 50

Question 31

Dogs are ___ times more sensitive

Answer 31

300 - 10,000

Question 32

How are the individual receptors for all of these animals?

Answer 32

They are equally sensitive. The difference is the **number** of receptors they each have and how they’re used.

Question 33

Humans have approx ___ and dogs have ___ olfactory receptors.

Answer 33

10 million 1 billion

Question 34

What in a scent plume reaching the nostrils is used by some sharks in orienting towards scents?

Answer 34

Bilateral times differences May be functionally equivalent to ITD cues in auditory localization.

Question 35

Recognition threshold

Answer 35

Concentration of molecules needed to determine ‘quality’ of an odorant. (Floral, citrus, rotten, etc.)

Question 36

How many odors can humans discriminate?

Answer 36

1 trillion But we can’t label them accurately. This is because of inability to retrieve a specific name from memory, not from ack of sensitivity.

Question 37

Presbyosmia

Answer 37

After 55 years of age, more than 24% of us will have reduced olfactory sensitivity.

Question 38

ORNs

Answer 38

OLfactory Receptor Neurons ORNs in older adults become less selective for odors, responding to multiple odorants.

Question 39

Anosmia

Answer 39

Loss of sense of smell, from a disease or injury. - Can be temporary (sick) - Associated with disease (Parkinson’s, dementia, covid) - Can be environmental (smoking or medication) - Long term associated with depression Maybe recovered thru neurogenesis of new orns.

Question 40

Isolated Congenital Anosmia

Answer 40

People born without a sense of smell

Question 41

Why is it hard to map perceptual experience onto physical attributes of odorants?

Answer 41

1. There is no physical Language for odor quality (eg color to describe) 2. Some molecules with similar structures smell different and some with different structures smell the same. 3. There is great variability (30%) between olfactory receptors in people.

Question 42

Niessing and Friedrich

Answer 42

Found that that the olfactory bulb has different patterns of activity that suggests a ‘categorical’ perception of odors.

Question 43

Mandairon

Answer 43

Found cross-species (humans and mice) similarities on odor preferences; importantly, ratings of pleasantness could be predicted by the **physiochemical properties** of odorant molecules.

Question 44

Identifying odor step 1

Answer 44

An ** odorant ** enters the nasal cavity (orthonasal) and makes contact with the olfactory mucosa.

Question 45

Olfactory Mucosa

Answer 45

This region is located at the top of the nasal cavity,below the olfactory bulb *(idk where the bulb is lol)

Question 46

Step 2 of odor indentification

Answer 46

Odorants are carried along the mucosa and dissolve into the surface. They come into contact with the ORNs. - transduction happens here. - only one type of receptors on each ORN. - humans have 400 types of ORs. - we have ~10,000 of each type of ORN.

Question 47

Step 3 of odor identification

Answer 47

Signals are carried from the ORNs to **glomeruli** in the olfactory bulbs. - ORNs of particular type converge their signals onto one or two glomeruli. - Optical imaging has shown that specific areas of glomeruli may respond to particular odorants (compounds). - A map of odorants exists in the olfactory bulbs. This is called a chemotopic map. (Odor map/ odotopic map)

Question 48

Chemotopic Map

Answer 48

AKA Odor Map, Odotopic Map A map of odorants in the olfactory bulbs.