WEEK 9 Flashcards
Attachment theory…
Developed by John Bowlby, the idea that children form a close attachment to their earliest caregivers and that this attachment pattern can affect aspects of the children’s later life
Attachment behaviour…
actions such as crying, smiling, vocalising and gesturing that help bring an infant into closer proximity to its caregiver
List the childhood stages of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development…
-First year: Trust versus mistrust Infants learn to trust that their needs will be met by the world, especially by the mother – or they learn to mistrust the world
-Second year: Autonomy versus shame and doubt Children learn to exercise their will, to make choices and to control themselves – or they become uncertain and doubt that they can do things by themselves
-Third to fifth year: Initiative versus guilt Children learn to initiate activities and enjoy their accomplishments, acquiring direction and purpose. But if they are not allowed initiative, they feel guilty about their attempts at independence
-Sixth year to puberty: Industry versus inferiority Children develop a sense of industry and curiosity and are eager to learn – or they feel inferior and lose interest in the tasks before them
List the adolescent-adulthood stages of Erikson’s psychosocial theory…
-Adolescence: Identity versus role confusion
Adolescents come to see themselves as unique and integrated individuals with an ideology – or they become confused about what they want out of life
-Early adulthood: Intimacy versus isolation Young people become able to commit themselves to another person – or they develop a sense of isolation and feel they have no-one in the world but themselves
-Middle age: Generativity versus stagnation Adults are willing to have and care for children and to devote themselves to their work and the common good – or they become self-centred and inactive
-Old age: Integrity versus despair Older people enter a period of reflection, becoming assured that their lives have been meaningful and ready to face death with acceptance and dignity – or they are in despair over their unaccomplished goals, failures and ill-spent lives
Name and discuss different parenting styles
1 Authoritarian parents are relatively strict, punitive and unsympathetic. They value obedience and try to shape their children’s behaviour to meet a set standard and to curb the children’s will. They do not encourage independence. They are detached and seldom praise their youngsters.
2 Permissive parents are more affectionate with their children and give them lax discipline and a great deal of freedom.
3 Authoritative parents fall between these two extremes. They reason with their children, encouraging give-and-take and setting limits, but also encouraging independence. They are firm and set limits but are also understanding; their demands are reasonable and consistent. As their children get older and better at making decisions, authoritative parents give their children more responsibility.
4 Uninvolved parents (also known as rejecting–neglecting parents) are indifferent to their children. They do whatever is necessary to minimise the costs of having children by investing as little time, money and effort as possible. They focus on their own needs before their children’s. These parents often fail to monitor their children’s activities, particularly when the children are old enough to be out of the house alone.
Gender schemas
the generalisations children develop about what toys, activities and occupations are ‘appropriate’ for males and for females
Preconventional reasoning…
moral reasoning that is not yet based on the conventions or rules that guide social interactions in society
Conventional reasoning…
moral reasoning that reflects a concern about other people as well as the belief that morality consists of following rules and conventions
Postconventional reasoning..
moral reasoning in which judgements are based on personal standards or universal principles of justice, equality and respect for human life
List and describe Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, in conjunction with Heinz’s dilemma
-Preconventional (Stage one): Obeying, and avoiding punishment from, a superior authority- ‘Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be jailed.
(Stage two): Making a fair exchange, a good deal- ‘Heinz should steal the drug because his wife will repay him later’
-Conventional (Stage three): Pleasing others and getting their approval- ‘Heinz should steal the drug because he loves his wife and because she and the rest of the family will approve’
(Stage four): Doing your duty, following the rules and social order- ‘Heinz should steal the drug for his wife because he has a duty to care for her’ or ‘He should not steal the drug because stealing is illegal’
-Postconventional (Stage five): Respecting rules and laws but recognising they might have limits- ‘Heinz should steal the drug because life is more important than property’
(Stage six): Following universal ethical principles, such as justice, reciprocity, equality and respect for human life and rights- ‘Heinz should steal the drug because of the principle of preserving and respecting life’
Heinz’s dilemma
(Kohlberg) requires people to decide whether a man named Heinz should steal a rare and unaffordable drug in order to save his wife’s life.
It is theorised that learning to behave in moral ways requires which three things?
1 consistent modelling of moral reasoning and behaviour by parents and peers
2 real-life experience with moral issues
3 situational factors that support moral actions
As per Erik Erikson’s theory, what are the stages of psychosocial development?
-Basic trust versus mistrust: 0-18 months
-Autonomy versus shame and doubt: 1-2 years
-Initiative versus guilt: 3-6 years
-Industry versus inferiority: 7-11 years
-Identity versus identity confusion: teenage (adolescent) years
-Intimacy versus isolation: 20s and 30s
-Generativity versus stagnation: 40s-60s
-Integrity versus despair: 60s on.
Ethnic identity…
the part of a person’s identity associated with the racial, religious or cultural group to which the person belongs
Menopause…
the process whereby a woman’s reproductive capacity ceases
