Week 9

Question 1

How the society responds to population aging and the impact on older individuals chan be changed by __________ and _______

Answer 1

education and policy

Question 2

1. T/F: the concept of healthy aging follows the wholistic definition of health
2. Health aging is achievable at the ________ level

Answer 2

1. T
2. population

Question 3

1. What is healthcare?
2. Is healthcare limited to medical care?

Answer 3

1. services provided to individuals or communities by health services or professionals to promote, maintain, monitor or restore health
2. No can be extended to therapeutic actions, home and self care

Question 4

What are the 3 models of healthcare?

Answer 4

1. medical model
2. social model
3. health promotion model

Question 5

Answer based on the medical model:
1. what is the medical model?
2. where does it take place?
3. T/F: the medical model does not involve the payment system

Answer 5

1. medical model = focus is on treatment of disease and injury, favours surgery, drug therapy, rehab through physical therapies
2. in a physicians office, hospital or formal and regulated healthcare institutions
3. F. it is influenced by the payment system

Question 6

Answer based on the social model:
1. What is the social model?
2. What is an important concept it considers?
3. T/F: clinicians are not involved in this model

Answer 6

1. sees medical care as one part of a complete healthcare system of personal/family counselling, home care, adult daycare programs, long term care –> all for social and community service
2. aging in place = tries to keep older people in their own homes or in a place like home
3. F. they are involved but are not the only contributors because it involves social systems and relationships with others too

Question 7

Answer based on the health promotion model:
1. What is the health promotion model?
2. What types of programs are included
3. What are some actions people do not directly associate with healthcare?
4. the health promotion model is easily integrate-able into the ________ model

Answer 7

1. focus is on prevention and self care through lifestyle changes, increased knowledge on healthy behaviour and environmental improvement
2. programs that promote fitness, warn about risk behaviours (ex: smoking)
3. workplace safety regulations, seatbelt legislation, pollution control
4. social model

Question 8

1. What are the 4 healthcare levels?
2. for each level, answer the questions below:
   a) Who is affected (what scope of the population is reached)?
   b) high or low cost per person?
   c) What is the purpose of the healthcare level?
   d) give an example

Answer 8

1. self care, community programs, public health
   primary care
   secondary care
   tertiary care
2. self care/public health:
   a) population wide
   b) low cost per person
   c) focus on prevention through policy and education
   d) posters educating about symptoms for covid-19

primary care:
a) most of the population, but is limited by access
b) low cost
c) interprofessional care teams, prevention and management first point of access
d) Someone suspects they have covid-19 symptoms and goes to get tested

secondary care:
a) some of the population
b) moderate cost
c) reduce severities, manage comorbidities through specialty care
d) someone goes to see a doctor to get prescribed anti-biotics

tertiary care:
a) small part of the population
b) highest cost per person
c) advanced diagnostics, interventions and rehab, prevent morbidity and mortality
d) someone has a consultation for getting a surgery and will receive the surgery in a specialized clinic

Question 9

1. what type of model is the canadian health care system?
2. what is the problem with the canadian health care system?

Answer 9

1. its a mix of the 3 model
2. but is still medicalized, wait time is long, issues of continuity of care and transition to long term care

Question 10

1. What is the Canadian health care act?
2. what are the 5 criteria that must be achieved

Answer 10

1. publicly funded health care insurance, national standards for each province and territory
2. Public (non profit) administration
   Comprehensive services
   Universal coverage
   Portability
   Access to services

Question 11

1. Where are most of the costs going in Canada?
2. Where is the second area most of the costs are going to?

Answer 11

1. hospitals
2. physicians

Question 12

1. Older people accounted for ___% of all provincial and territorial government health spending
2. population aging adds (less than/more than) 1% to the (growth or decline) in health care costs? What does this show?

Answer 12

1. 44%
2. less than, growth. Shows that population aging is NOT the main reason for growth in healthcare expenses

Question 13

1. what might be some reasons for the increased expenses in medical care?
2. T/F: a financial crisis will occur

Answer 13

1. • new drugs, tech and testing
2. F.

Question 14

1. older people are ___________ where they constantly worry about their health. What does this result in?
2. T/F: older adults prefer to be taken care of they don’t want a lot of responsibilities.

Answer 14

1. hypochondriacs. results in overuse of already strained healthcare resources
2. T

Question 15

Why would there be inequality in access to healthcare?

Answer 15

• geography
• socio-economic status
• cultural issues

Question 16

1. For increasing continuity of care, what are 2 things that are required?
2. what are the benefits of long term care?

Answer 16

1. more home care = for emotional and social needs
2. transfer from acute care to chronic/long term

safety, social interactions/physical activity, medical care

Question 17

T/F: long term care is covered by OHIP so it is good for serving even the poorest older adults

Answer 17

F. not covered by OHIP so affects the poor

Question 18

1. T/F: the proportion of older adults who live in a nursing home decreases with age
2. What is NOT included in the definition of the Canada Health Act covered services:
   a) prescription drugs costs
   b) nursing home care costs
   c) hospital services provided to in-patients or out-patients
   d) medically required physician services
3. T/F: the cost of nursing home varies by province
4. What problems exist still from the Canada health act?

Answer 18

1. F. increases
2. b)
3. T
4. inequality from age and vulnerable older people affected

Question 19

T/F: increased institutionalization has placed more responsibility on women, families and communities

Answer 19

F. Decreased

Question 20

What are alternate level of care (ALC) patients?

Answer 20

patients in acute care who no longer need acute care place strain on hospital resources and can experience functional decline when awaiting discharge

Question 21

Why do indigenous seniors face health risks that increase health problems?

Answer 21

• poverty
• geo location
• personal isolation
• food insecurity
• weak social support

Question 22

1. ________ care blends medical and non-medical care using social and medical services to help people live independently in the community
2. ________ care refers to live-in institutions that are not hospitals and offer medical care to chronically ill older people
3. _________ _______ is housing that provides personal care services and other supports
4. people in __________ ________ need more care than ______ ______ health services can provide

Answer 22

1. home care
2. long term care
3. assisted living
4. assisted living, home care