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HS 2711 Aging > Week 2: Aging pop challenges and opportunities > Flashcards

Week 2: Aging pop challenges and opportunities Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is demography?
  2. What is a population pyramid?
  3. T/F: In Canada, there is not a population pyramid anymore
A
  1. the study of the size, structure and distribution of human population. So we can look at age as a contributor to change
  2. a graphical illustration of the distribution of various age groups in a population
  3. T
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2
Q
  1. What are the 2 demographic reasons why there are more older people?
A
  1. Increasing life expectancy
  2. decreased fertility rates
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3
Q
  1. What is life expectancy?
  2. T/F: life expectancy calculates the average age at the time of death
  3. life expectancy is related to __________
A
  1. The average # of years a person is projected to live given no dramatic change in causes for death occur
  2. F.
  3. resilience
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4
Q

What are 3 ways we can increase life expectancy?

A
  1. better medical treatment
  2. better public health and health promotion
  3. epidemiological transition
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5
Q

What is epidemiological transition?

A

The replacement of infectious diseases by chronic degenerative diseases over time due to better public health and sanitation and changes in health behaviours among the population

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6
Q

Why does epidemiological transition occur?

A

Because during economic development, the vast majority of the population is able to gain reliable access to the basic material necessities of life

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7
Q
  1. What are 2 historical trends that influenced fertility rates?
  2. Which trend is occurring in Canada today?
A
  1. 1) baby boom = 1946-1964 where there was an explosion of fertility
    2) baby bust = after 1965 where there has been a continuous drop in fertility rates
  2. the baby bust
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8
Q

why are fertility rates declining?

A
  • having lots of children is not an economic advantage –> socio-economic change
  • women rights movement
  • family planning techniques
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9
Q

Describe fertility rate vs. birth rate
Which is an individual measure? which is a population measure?

A

fertility rate = the average number of live births a women is EXPECTED to have in her lifetime. Individual measure

birth rate = the number of live births per 1000 women. Population measure

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10
Q
  1. T/F: fertility rates are the number of times a woman gets pregnant
  2. fertility rates have been (increasing/decreasing)
A
  1. F. it is the expected number of live births a woman is expected to have in her lifetime
  2. Decreasing
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11
Q

List the 4 stages of demographic transition

A
  1. high fertility, high mortality
  2. high fertility, mortality begins to decline
  3. fertility declines, mortality declines further
  4. low fertility, low mortality
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12
Q

Explain each stage:
1. high fertility, high mortality
2. high fertility, mortality begins to decline
3. fertility declines, mortality declines further
4. low fertility, low mortality

A
  1. small pop, slow and varied pop growth, many young people, small proportion of older people
  2. population begins to grow as more children survive. Population explosion could occur and society may get younger.
  3. Population growth begins to level off at larger size. This is stage of the transition from a young high-growth to an older low-growth population. Older population begins to grow as a proportion of the population.
  4. Low population growth and large proportion of older people in the population.
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13
Q
  1. What is the 3rd demographic force in Canada?
  2. Why would this demographic force increase the population?
A
  1. immigration
  2. because people who immigrant are younger with a higher fertility rate, therefore they would be able to contribute to the population
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14
Q
  1. what is demographic transition?
  2. demographic transition leads to a (larger/smaller) overall dependency ratio
A
  1. the transition from high birth and high death rate to low birth and low death rate
  2. larger dependency ratio
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15
Q

what is the dependency ratio?

A

population 0-19 + population 65 and up / population age 20-64

numerator = no economic contribution
denominator = those who work

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16
Q

After retirements, contributions to society depends on _______ and _______

A

health and wealth

17
Q
  1. What is the old age dependency ratio?
  2. What is the youth dependency ratio?
  3. T/F: the overall dependency ratio decreased in the last decades of the 20th century
A
  1. old age = 65+/20-64
  2. youth = 0-19/20-64
  3. T
18
Q

Why would the dependency ratio be decreasing?

A

because people are getting older and dying later, more people are in the 20-64 group, lots of boomers are jumping into the 65+ group

19
Q

What is demographic determinism? What is this also called?

A

demography determines social relation. So an aging population can eventually lead to an economic or social crisis. Also called apocalyptic demography

20
Q

What are 2 ways to improve the apocalyptic demography?

A
  1. improvement in health for a healthy aging population
  2. policy changes to increase the age of retirement, improve pensions
21
Q

What are the 5 benefits of an older population?

A
  1. lower crime rate
  2. healthier lifestyle
  3. improving economy
  4. to keep traditions and languages
  5. unpaid contributions like volunteering
22
Q
  1. How is aging research improving (ex: at western, in Canada)?
  2. these centres produce __________
  3. what is the Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA)
A
  1. at western = Canadian centre for activity and aging
    in Canada = CLSA
  2. Knowledge
  3. CLSA = pop based random sample, multiple evaluate sites, 50000 M and W aged 45-85 for 20 years, 3 year data collection and annual questionaires
23
Q

What is the Canadian institute for health research’s goal and what do they do?

A

CIHR = improve quality of life of older Canadians by understanding and addressing the consequences of a wide range of factors associated with aging
- provide funding for research
- partners with other agencies with similar interest
- stays connected to community

24
Q

What is NOT a function of the CIHR:
a) partner with other agencies
b) provide funding
c) create new policies around healthy aging
d) stay connected to the community

A

c)

25
Q

population aging will continue into the future as long as fertility rates continues to ________ and life expectancy continues to __________

A

decrease, increase

26
Q
  1. Aging in least developed countries have _____ fertility rates and ______ life expectancy –> therefore they have a _____ number of older people
  2. Aging in developed countries have a _____ number of older people
A
  1. higher, lower, low
  2. high
27
Q

Define each:
1. old age security pension
2. guaranteed income supplement
3. allowance

A
  1. Canada’s basic retirement income program which supplements the income of nearly all the country’s older people
  2. an income supplement for the poorest older people
  3. for people who receive the old age pension and have a combined income below an amount
28
Q
  1. T/F: male life expectancy increased faster than females
  2. indigenous populations are (young/old) because of (high/low) fertility rates and (high/low) life expectancy
A
  1. F
  2. young, high, low

HS 2711 Aging (11 decks)

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