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PSYC211 > WEEK 9 > Flashcards

WEEK 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Humanism?

A

Reminder that people are subjects, not just objects of study
* Subjective Experience
* Free Will
* Meaning
* Happiness
* Sacredness

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2
Q

Does meaning cause behavior?

A

Yes
e.g. Money is just a piece of paper but we all agree is has meaningful value and work for it.

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3
Q

What are people willing to do when seeking meaning?

A
  • make sacrifices
    e.g.
    Meaningful job
  • May be worth a paycut

Having Children
* Increases self-reported meaning in life
* BUT Decreases self-reported happiness and marital satisfaction (TRADEOFF) - mainly seen in the USA where there is fewer supportive policies for having children such as work leave for babies

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4
Q

What is Essentialism?

A
  • Things have essences that can increase or decrease their value
  • Meaning behind the object

e.g. a jacket worn by ASAP Rocky will be worth more to people than if it was never worn by him

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5
Q

What is the state of flow?

A
  • Totally focused on meaningful task
  • Immersed
  • Time seems to fly by
  • Just right amount of challenge
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6
Q

What are the two types of happiness?

A
  • Hedonism
  • Eudaimonia
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7
Q

What is Hedonism & Eudaimonia?

A
  • Hedonism: What makes you happy is to seek pleasure and avoid pain
    e.g. Eating a cake
  • Eudaimonia: What makes you happy is to live rightly, morally
  • Not very happy, but very meaningful
    e.g. . Caring for a sick child
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8
Q

What is the relationship between wellbeing and connection?

A
  • Need to belong
  • Family/friend ties better predictor of wellbeing than money
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9
Q

What is the relationship between Kindness and happiness?

A
  • Acts of kindness make the giver and receiver happier
  • Only if they’re freely chosen!
  • Forced kindness doesn’t work
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10
Q

What is Neoliberalism?

A
  • Basis of world’s economic/public policies since 1970s
  • Attempts to measure peoples happiness (utility) using money (as measuring happiness is hard and subjective)
  • Replace hard measure (utility) with an easy one: money
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11
Q

What is the problem with using money as a measure of utility/happiness?

A
  • Money is not utility
  • Undervalues other things
  • Environmental damage not considered
  • Counts bad things: war spending
  • Goodhart’s law: When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure
  • Measurement becomes the goal in itself
    –> Aiming to be rich instead of happy

e.g. teaching for the test rather than actual content
or Science targets more publications instead of new knowledge

  • Overjustification effect
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12
Q

What is the Overjustification effect

A
  • Payments can sap intrinsic motivation (our internal motivation to want to do something) to do things
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13
Q

What is Goodhart’s law?

A

When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure

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14
Q

What Big 5 traits are good for happiness?

A

Low Neuroticism
High Extraversion
High Agreeableness
~ Openness
~ Conscientiousness

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15
Q

Can Money Buy Happiness?

A

Yes, but it has diminishing returns (a comfortable living is adequate)

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16
Q

What was the best study ever and what did it find?

A
  • All participants get $20
  • Random assignment
  • Spend money on yourself
  • Spend money on others
  • Measure happiness in a week
  • Spending on others = HAPPIER
17
Q

What is the Hedonic Treadmill theory?

A
  • Once you have something, it becomes the new normal
18
Q

What is the most effective way of long-term happiness?

A
  • Only changes in meaning alter long term happiness
19
Q

What determines our happiness set point?

A
  • Genetics
  • Habituation
    e.g. Even a jetski will eventually get old
  • Normal life changes
20
Q

What is Materialism?

A

Happiness derived from buying things
- Does not last long
e.g. jetski

21
Q

What is true about income and happiness in developed countries?

A

Relative income affects happiness more than absolute income in developed countries

22
Q

Experiences vs. Things for happiness

A
  • Happiness comes from experiences
  • Things only give experiences indirectly
  • Spend your money on experiences
  • Spend money on time for things you value
23
Q

Maximizers and Satisficers

A
  • Maximizers
  • Find the best possible thing!
  • Satisficers - usually happier (least time researching for best product)
  • Find a thing that’s good enough!
  • For most things: Satisficing!
  • Really important things: Maximize
24
Q

What was Descartes’ legacy?

A
  • “I think, therefore I am.”
  • Everything else might be an illusion
  • BUT cannot doubt the existence of consciousness
25
Q

What did Descartes question?

A
  • The World & Brain are both made of matter
  • but how does the brain make the mind?
26
Q

What is Cartesian Dualism?

A

How physical things (such as the brain) is different/separate from our mind, and how does our mind come from a physical thing.
- No laws for the mind
- Descartes proposed that god was the answer to this question

27
Q

What is Modern “Dual Process Theory”?

A
  • Automaticity/Type 1 Thinking (unconscious thinking)
  • Reflection/Type 2 Thinking (awareful thinking)
28
Q

What is Qualia?

A

A quality or property as it is experienced by a person or being

29
Q

David Chalmers’ Hard Problem of Consciousness?

A

Why are there qualia at all?

30
Q

Biological Reductionism:

A

We will eventually be able to explain everything about the mind via biology (hard)

31
Q

What made consciousness evolve?

A

It helps with our intelligence
- evolved twice: Convergent evolution of intelligence in octopi (not closely related to humans)

32
Q

What does consciousness do?

A
  • Integrates diffuse information (e.g. visual and audio information coming from the same object to locate it)
  • Creates meaning (affordances = things you can do with something e.g. a chair can be used to sit on)
  • Connects brain functions
  • Allows comparing apples and oranges
33
Q

Does consciousness cause behavior?

A

Yes, indirectly
* Helps planning actions
* Imagining action steps
* Mental simulation (imagining how you would feel doing one thing instead of another to help make decisions)

34
Q

Complex Meaning in Consciousness?

A

Consciousness is required for judging Complex Meaning.

e.g. is this good or bad?
- friend losses = bad
- enemy fails = good

Consciousness is not required for judging simple meaning.
e.g. is this good or bad?
- friend = good
- enemy = bad
- win = good
- lose = bad

35
Q

What is Morsella’s Scientific theory of consciousness, free will

A

Awareness is for making cross-domain choices
e.g. for valuing 2 different things
OR analyzing conflicting information and making an appropriate decision

36
Q

What is Tononi’s Scientific theory of consciousness, free will

A

(controversial theory) Systems that integrate information produce awareness
- anything with a brain has a consciousness (even a light switch)

37
Q

What is Baars’ Scientific theory of consciousness, free will

A

Global workspace allows communication across brain
- Imaginary workspace used for planning out things before actually doing it

38
Q

Hofstadter What is Hofstadter’s Scientific theory of consciousness, free will

A

Cross level recursive influences produce emergent properties

PSYC211 (12 decks)

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