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PSYC211 > WEEK 11 > Flashcards

WEEK 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cultural evolution?

A

Concept that cultures change over time

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2
Q

What makes human culture so unique?

A

Humans are the only cultural animals.
- We focus on the elderly passing on their knowledge to the younger generation

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3
Q

Why are cultures important?

A
  • Rules guide behavior
  • Language & communication
  • Teaching and learning
  • Specialization
  • Progress
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4
Q

What do the Sociocultural Theories believe?

A
  • Culture determines human behavior
  • Culture gets full credit for social goods and bads
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5
Q

What does Evolutionary Psychology believe?

A
  • Genes determine human behavior
  • Processes that increased survival and reproduction were passed on
  • Genes get full credit for social goods and bads
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6
Q

Which perspective is true Sociocultural theories or Evolutionary Psychology?

A

BOTH!

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7
Q

What is the Cultural Animal perspective?

A

Combining the perspectives of Evolutionary Psychology & Sociocultural Theories.

  • Evolution provides basic goals and what you have to work with (body, mind’s abilities)
  • All cultures provides food, shelter, etc.
  • Culture shapes HOW you achieve these goals
  • Cultures vary in the type of food, shelter, etc.
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8
Q

What are the universal things all cultures have?

A

Etics
* Food
* Rules
* Ownership
* Shelter
* Mating
* Child-rearing
* Traditions and rituals
* Etc.

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9
Q

What are Etics?

A

Culture Universals

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10
Q

What are Emics?

A

Specific versions of culture universals
e.g.
Types of shelter depending on the environment (made of stone or cloth)

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11
Q

Why are there cultural universals?

A
  • Evolution (Language)
  • our minds have evolved to directly solve that problem (learn a language)
  • Common solution to frequent problems
  • Rules of the road
  • Housing
  • Cooking
  • Writing
  • Morality?
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12
Q

What was found by Tooby & Cosmides about cheater detection?

A

People easily detect cheaters, but abstract logic is hard!

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13
Q

Why is religion culturally universal?

A
  • Religion is more than belief in supernatural things

Traditions
- provide connection with history

Rituals
- Connection with other people

Group cohesion
- Religion a source of connection, contacts, friends, mates

Source of meaning (epistemic)
- Banish the spectre of our inevitable death
- Purpose in life

Provides Morality
* Strong need to be a good person

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14
Q

What is WEIRD?

A
  • Western
  • Educated
  • Industrialized
  • Rich
  • Democratic
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15
Q

Characteristics of WEIRD societies?

A
  • Universal norms, values
  • WEIRD cultures developed wider and wider sphere of values
  • E.G. don’t murder anyone (not just people within our group)
  • “all men are created equal”
  • Individualism (weaker kin ties)
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16
Q

What is the reason theorised behind WEIRD societies widening the sphere of values?

A
  • Counter intuitively, widening the sphere of values may stem from breaking up close family ties
    => Catholic church banned cousin marriage
  • Areas where this happened earlier: higher trust, more economic prosperity,
  • research suggests that as cousin marriage declines –> democracy increases
17
Q

What is true about NON-WEIRD societies compared to WEIRD ones?

A

Non-WEIRD cultures have local norms and values for their group
* “we don’t eat pork”
* “women must cover their heads”
* “Thou shalt not murder!” (one of us)
* “Marry someone from our group”

18
Q

What are WEIRD societies characterised with?

A

Increased analytical thinking
- Abstract principles
- Rather than local rules and tradition

Increased concern with timekeeping
- Time is a resource

Increased impersonal prosociality
- “All men are created equal”

Decreased interpersonal prosociality
- “not my problem” “Not In My Backyard

19
Q

What was MLK method for civil rights?

A
  • Nonviolence strategy
  • Change hearts and minds
  • Change moral compass
20
Q

How do you practice Nonviolent resistance?

A
  • Must maintain nonviolence
  • Must disrupt status quo
  • Convince world that status quo is wrong
21
Q

Define Emotion

A

– a SPECIFIC evaluative reaction to some event
* I feel sad because I got dumped

22
Q

Define Mood

A

Mood – general disposition or state, not linked to event
* I’m in a bad mood

23
Q

Define Affect

A

Affect – valence of evaluation toward an event
* I have a negative affective response to alligators

Is a component of emotion: How positive/negative feeling

24
Q

What are the two components of affect?

A

Valence and Arousal

Circumplex Model of Emotion:

+ valence = +ve emotions
- valence = -ve emotions

high arousal = excited/ high intensity emotion
low arousal = calm / low intensity emotion

25
Q

What are the two functions of affect?

A

Approach/Avoid
Fast/Slow

26
Q

What are the four quadrants of the Circumplex Model of Emotion?

A

High Arousal + Positive valence = e.g. receiving a strawberry dessert

Low Arousal + Positive valence = receiving a bowl of rice

High Arousal + Negative valence = seeing a lion in the city

Low Arousal + Negative valence = A danger sign

27
Q

Can emotions be “wrong”?

A

Yes
- Display vs. feeling
Display different to the emotion we’re feeling
e.g. fake smile

28
Q

Misattribution of Arousal?

A
  • Attribute feeling to wrong cause
    .e.g. the jogging study
29
Q

What did the jogging study by White et al show?

A

Displayed the Misattribution of Arousal:

  • Men ran in place for 15 seconds vs. 120 seconds
  • Saw a video of an attractive woman or unattractive woman they expected to meet

Physically aroused group (120 seconds) found themselves to be more attracted to to women vs the non-physically aroused (15 sec)

30
Q

Digust?

A
  • Disgust is a moral emotion
  • Originally evolved for avoiding rotten food
  • Major motivator in morality
  • Keeps us away from immoral acts
31
Q

Emotional Contagion

A

The idea that we experience the emotion that we see displayed by someone else:

Mirror Neurons
- basis of emotional contagion
* Active when doing or observing
* Active when feeling or observing emotional display

e.g. yawning

Mimicry: all birds flying away when one does

32
Q

Mimicry?

A

We tend to like people who do similar things to us

  • related to charisma of global leaders: understand and mimic emotions of a crowd
33
Q

Empathy and emotional contagion

A

Understanding another person’s emotions and caring

  • Emotional contagion aids understanding
  • Also knowledge of context
34
Q

What did Paul Ekman find in his study about emotional expression?

A
  • Hired actors to display emotions for photos
  • People in every culture around the world had above chance (50%) at identifying emotions

However it is much difficult when the task is to guess the emotion with no matching task as done it Paul’s experiment

35
Q

What did Lisa Feldman-Barrett argue about emotional expression?

A
  • Expression not universal
  • Emotion is an interpretation and construction based on emotional ingredients and context (e.g. physiological state and context)

e.g. she experienced butterflies and high heart rate on date = assumed it was love
- turned out to be indigestion

36
Q

Meta Emotion

A
  • Thoughts about your emotions
    e.g.
    “I shouldn’t feel this happy during grieving”
    “I shouldn’t feel this sad when I just won”
37
Q

How do you increase happiness?

A
  • Attempting to feel happier often backfires
  • Compare to goal, fail
  • Instead, do enjoyable activities, with people you love
  • Happiness may result

PSYC211 (12 decks)

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