Week 9 Flashcards
What is the multiple memory systems perspective?
The brain sorts content and assigns its storage to different regions of the brain
What did Claparede find when he tested an amnesiac patient?
Some aspects of the aversive content of a memory is stored separately from the recollection of the experience
What surgery was performed on HM, and what was its effect?
- Bilateral removal of the temporal lobes
- Severe anterograde amnesia - no new long-term memories, and some retrograde amnesia
What did HM’s case show?
Skills can be learned even when one does not remember practising it
Researchers believe the removal of HM’s temporal lobes disrupted _____
The episodic memory system
The episodic memory system supports ______
The ability to consciously recollect and report on facts or events that we have experienced
Parts of the ______ were removed from HM’s brain
Hippocampus & amygdala
What is a disadvantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?
It is difficult to know for sure whether an animal consciously recollects an experience
What is an advantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?
The researcher can control exactly what brain area is lesioned
Damage to what region impairs DNMS performance?
Rhinal cortex
What were R.B’s symptoms and where was his brain pathology?
- Anterograde amnesia
- C1 region of the hippocampus, which diminished its ability to contribute to memory
What were R.B’s symptoms and where was their brain pathology?
- Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
- Rostral-caudal length of the hippocampus
Who first suggested that the hippocampus is critically involved in episodic memory?
Brenda Milner
What types of processes can support recognition?
Familiarity and recollection
DNMA is a _____ task
Recognition memory
Theorists propose that recognition based on recollection depends on _____, while recognition based on familiarity depends on _____
- The hippocampus
- Its surrounding cortices
Declarative memory includes _____
Semantic and episodic memory
Semantic memory supports ______
Memory for facts and the ability to make generalizations from multiple experiences
Semantic memory is ____ which means ____
- Context-free
- We can remember facts about something without remembering when/where we learned them
What is the unitary view of declarative memory?
The view that the medial temporal hippocampal system provides support for both episodic and semantic memory, and damage to any of its areas affects both types equally
What brain regions are in the medial temporal hippocampal system (MTH)?
- Parahippocampal cortex
- Hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex
- Perirhinal cortex
- Subiculum
What is the modular view of declarative memory?
Only episodic memory requires the MTH
According to the modular view, why does damage to the hippocampus not affect DNMS performance?
The surrounding perirhinal cortex was able to support familiarity-based recognition tasks
Recollection-based recognition is associated with _____, while familiarity-based recognition is supported by _____
- the hippocampus
- the perirhinal cortex
Most research evidence supports the _____ view of declarative memory
Modular
What are the two definitions of conscious recollection?
- When you intentionally initiate a search of your memory
- When you have an awareness of remembering
The feeling of remembering emerges when _____
A retrieved memory trace contains information about the time, place, or context of the experience that established the memory
Representations of episodic memories are protected from ____
Interference
What does the episodic memory system capture?
Information about the single events of our lives
What are the two principles of the episodic memory system?
- Its organization is hierarchical
- The circuit is a loop
How does the episodic memory hierarchy work?
The level of memory integration increases as it flows from the neocortex to the hippocampus
What brain areas are the first level of integration?
Perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices
What brain area is the second level of integration?
Entorhinal cortex
What brain area is the final level of integration?
Hippocampus
Information is processed in the hippocampus and projected back to ____
The perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices
What is the subiculum?
The region that projects information from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (dentate gyrus/CA1)
What is the hippocampal formation?
The hippocampus and subiculum
The critical components of the MTH system are in the ____
Medial temporal lobes
Information is ____ when it reaches the hippocampus
Amodal (neurons do not know whether information will be audio/visual/somatosensory)
What is the last stage of information processing before the hippocampus?
The MTH system
What is the indexing theory?
The hippocampus contains information about how to retrieve the memories stored in the neocortex
What is pattern completion?
When a portion of the experience that originally established the memory activates/replays the entire experience
What is pattern separation?
The segregation of similar representations in the neocortex
What is the immediate shock effect?
If a rat is placed into a chamber and immediately shocked, it will not show fear of the chamber as it would if it were allowed to explore the chamber before being shocked
Damage to the hippocampus in rats eliminates contextual _____
Preexposure
Direct activation of the indexing neurons can produce _____
False memories
Silencing indexing neurons prevents _____
Memory retrieval
Engrams in the neocortex are controlled by the _____
Hippocampal index
Why is it difficult to dissociate semantic from episodic memory in humans?
It is difficult to give someone a semantic memory without also having an episodic memory of the learning event
What is a limitation of the indexing theory?
It does not account for how memories eventually do not rely on the hippocampus
Pattern separation may occur _____
at the connection between the dentate gyrus and CA3
