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PSYC 325 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the multiple memory systems perspective?

A

The brain sorts content and assigns its storage to different regions of the brain

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2
Q

What did Claparede find when he tested an amnesiac patient?

A

Some aspects of the aversive content of a memory is stored separately from the recollection of the experience

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3
Q

What surgery was performed on HM, and what was its effect?

A
  • Bilateral removal of the temporal lobes

- Severe anterograde amnesia - no new long-term memories, and some retrograde amnesia

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4
Q

What did HM’s case show?

A

Skills can be learned even when one does not remember practising it

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5
Q

Researchers believe the removal of HM’s temporal lobes disrupted _____

A

The episodic memory system

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6
Q

The episodic memory system supports ______

A

The ability to consciously recollect and report on facts or events that we have experienced

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7
Q

Parts of the ______ were removed from HM’s brain

A

Hippocampus & amygdala

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?

A

It is difficult to know for sure whether an animal consciously recollects an experience

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9
Q

What is an advantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?

A

The researcher can control exactly what brain area is lesioned

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10
Q

Damage to what region impairs DNMS performance?

A

Rhinal cortex

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11
Q

What were R.B’s symptoms and where was his brain pathology?

A
  • Anterograde amnesia

- C1 region of the hippocampus, which diminished its ability to contribute to memory

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12
Q

What were R.B’s symptoms and where was their brain pathology?

A
  • Anterograde and retrograde amnesia

- Rostral-caudal length of the hippocampus

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13
Q

Who first suggested that the hippocampus is critically involved in episodic memory?

A

Brenda Milner

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14
Q

What types of processes can support recognition?

A

Familiarity and recollection

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15
Q

DNMA is a _____ task

A

Recognition memory

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16
Q

Theorists propose that recognition based on recollection depends on _____, while recognition based on familiarity depends on _____

A
  • The hippocampus

- Its surrounding cortices

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17
Q

Declarative memory includes _____

A

Semantic and episodic memory

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18
Q

Semantic memory supports ______

A

Memory for facts and the ability to make generalizations from multiple experiences

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19
Q

Semantic memory is ____ which means ____

A
  • Context-free

- We can remember facts about something without remembering when/where we learned them

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20
Q

What is the unitary view of declarative memory?

A

The view that the medial temporal hippocampal system provides support for both episodic and semantic memory, and damage to any of its areas affects both types equally

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21
Q

What brain regions are in the medial temporal hippocampal system (MTH)?

A
  • Parahippocampal cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Perirhinal cortex
  • Subiculum
22
Q

What is the modular view of declarative memory?

A

Only episodic memory requires the MTH

23
Q

According to the modular view, why does damage to the hippocampus not affect DNMS performance?

A

The surrounding perirhinal cortex was able to support familiarity-based recognition tasks

24
Q

Recollection-based recognition is associated with _____, while familiarity-based recognition is supported by _____

A
  • the hippocampus

- the perirhinal cortex

25
Q

Most research evidence supports the _____ view of declarative memory

A

Modular

26
Q

What are the two definitions of conscious recollection?

A
  • When you intentionally initiate a search of your memory

- When you have an awareness of remembering

27
Q

The feeling of remembering emerges when _____

A

A retrieved memory trace contains information about the time, place, or context of the experience that established the memory

28
Q

Representations of episodic memories are protected from ____

A

Interference

29
Q

What does the episodic memory system capture?

A

Information about the single events of our lives

30
Q

What are the two principles of the episodic memory system?

A
  • Its organization is hierarchical

- The circuit is a loop

31
Q

How does the episodic memory hierarchy work?

A

The level of memory integration increases as it flows from the neocortex to the hippocampus

32
Q

What brain areas are the first level of integration?

A

Perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices

33
Q

What brain area is the second level of integration?

A

Entorhinal cortex

34
Q

What brain area is the final level of integration?

A

Hippocampus

35
Q

Information is processed in the hippocampus and projected back to ____

A

The perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices

36
Q

What is the subiculum?

A

The region that projects information from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (dentate gyrus/CA1)

37
Q

What is the hippocampal formation?

A

The hippocampus and subiculum

38
Q

The critical components of the MTH system are in the ____

A

Medial temporal lobes

39
Q

Information is ____ when it reaches the hippocampus

A

Amodal (neurons do not know whether information will be audio/visual/somatosensory)

40
Q

What is the last stage of information processing before the hippocampus?

A

The MTH system

41
Q

What is the indexing theory?

A

The hippocampus contains information about how to retrieve the memories stored in the neocortex

42
Q

What is pattern completion?

A

When a portion of the experience that originally established the memory activates/replays the entire experience

43
Q

What is pattern separation?

A

The segregation of similar representations in the neocortex

44
Q

What is the immediate shock effect?

A

If a rat is placed into a chamber and immediately shocked, it will not show fear of the chamber as it would if it were allowed to explore the chamber before being shocked

45
Q

Damage to the hippocampus in rats eliminates contextual _____

A

Preexposure

46
Q

Direct activation of the indexing neurons can produce _____

A

False memories

47
Q

Silencing indexing neurons prevents _____

A

Memory retrieval

48
Q

Engrams in the neocortex are controlled by the _____

A

Hippocampal index

49
Q

Why is it difficult to dissociate semantic from episodic memory in humans?

A

It is difficult to give someone a semantic memory without also having an episodic memory of the learning event

50
Q

What is a limitation of the indexing theory?

A

It does not account for how memories eventually do not rely on the hippocampus

51
Q

Pattern separation may occur _____

A

at the connection between the dentate gyrus and CA3

PSYC 325 (8 decks)

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