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PSYC 325 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the multiple memory systems perspective?

A

The brain sorts content and assigns its storage to different regions of the brain

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2
Q

What did Claparede find when he tested an amnesiac patient?

A

Some aspects of the aversive content of a memory is stored separately from the recollection of the experience

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3
Q

What surgery was performed on HM, and what was its effect?

A
  • Bilateral removal of the temporal lobes

- Severe anterograde amnesia - no new long-term memories, and some retrograde amnesia

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4
Q

What did HM’s case show?

A

Skills can be learned even when one does not remember practising it

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5
Q

Researchers believe the removal of HM’s temporal lobes disrupted _____

A

The episodic memory system

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6
Q

The episodic memory system supports ______

A

The ability to consciously recollect and report on facts or events that we have experienced

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7
Q

Parts of the ______ were removed from HM’s brain

A

Hippocampus & amygdala

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8
Q

What is a disadvantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?

A

It is difficult to know for sure whether an animal consciously recollects an experience

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9
Q

What is an advantage of using animals to find the episodic memory system?

A

The researcher can control exactly what brain area is lesioned

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10
Q

Damage to what region impairs DNMS performance?

A

Rhinal cortex

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11
Q

What were R.B’s symptoms and where was his brain pathology?

A
  • Anterograde amnesia

- C1 region of the hippocampus, which diminished its ability to contribute to memory

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12
Q

What were R.B’s symptoms and where was their brain pathology?

A
  • Anterograde and retrograde amnesia

- Rostral-caudal length of the hippocampus

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13
Q

Who first suggested that the hippocampus is critically involved in episodic memory?

A

Brenda Milner

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14
Q

What types of processes can support recognition?

A

Familiarity and recollection

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15
Q

DNMA is a _____ task

A

Recognition memory

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16
Q

Theorists propose that recognition based on recollection depends on _____, while recognition based on familiarity depends on _____

A
  • The hippocampus

- Its surrounding cortices

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17
Q

Declarative memory includes _____

A

Semantic and episodic memory

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18
Q

Semantic memory supports ______

A

Memory for facts and the ability to make generalizations from multiple experiences

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19
Q

Semantic memory is ____ which means ____

A
  • Context-free

- We can remember facts about something without remembering when/where we learned them

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20
Q

What is the unitary view of declarative memory?

A

The view that the medial temporal hippocampal system provides support for both episodic and semantic memory, and damage to any of its areas affects both types equally

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21
Q

What brain regions are in the medial temporal hippocampal system (MTH)?

A
  • Parahippocampal cortex
  • Hippocampus
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Perirhinal cortex
  • Subiculum
22
Q

What is the modular view of declarative memory?

A

Only episodic memory requires the MTH

23
Q

According to the modular view, why does damage to the hippocampus not affect DNMS performance?

A

The surrounding perirhinal cortex was able to support familiarity-based recognition tasks

24
Q

Recollection-based recognition is associated with _____, while familiarity-based recognition is supported by _____

A
  • the hippocampus

- the perirhinal cortex

25
Most research evidence supports the _____ view of declarative memory
Modular
26
What are the two definitions of conscious recollection?
- When you intentionally initiate a search of your memory | - When you have an awareness of remembering
27
The feeling of remembering emerges when _____
A retrieved memory trace contains information about the time, place, or context of the experience that established the memory
28
Representations of episodic memories are protected from ____
Interference
29
What does the episodic memory system capture?
Information about the single events of our lives
30
What are the two principles of the episodic memory system?
- Its organization is hierarchical | - The circuit is a loop
31
How does the episodic memory hierarchy work?
The level of memory integration increases as it flows from the neocortex to the hippocampus
32
What brain areas are the first level of integration?
Perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices
33
What brain area is the second level of integration?
Entorhinal cortex
34
What brain area is the final level of integration?
Hippocampus
35
Information is processed in the hippocampus and projected back to ____
The perirhinal & parahippocampal cortices
36
What is the subiculum?
The region that projects information from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (dentate gyrus/CA1)
37
What is the hippocampal formation?
The hippocampus and subiculum
38
The critical components of the MTH system are in the ____
Medial temporal lobes
39
Information is ____ when it reaches the hippocampus
Amodal (neurons do not know whether information will be audio/visual/somatosensory)
40
What is the last stage of information processing before the hippocampus?
The MTH system
41
What is the indexing theory?
The hippocampus contains information about how to retrieve the memories stored in the neocortex
42
What is pattern completion?
When a portion of the experience that originally established the memory activates/replays the entire experience
43
What is pattern separation?
The segregation of similar representations in the neocortex
44
What is the immediate shock effect?
If a rat is placed into a chamber and immediately shocked, it will not show fear of the chamber as it would if it were allowed to explore the chamber before being shocked
45
Damage to the hippocampus in rats eliminates contextual _____
Preexposure
46
Direct activation of the indexing neurons can produce _____
False memories
47
Silencing indexing neurons prevents _____
Memory retrieval
48
Engrams in the neocortex are controlled by the _____
Hippocampal index
49
Why is it difficult to dissociate semantic from episodic memory in humans?
It is difficult to give someone a semantic memory without also having an episodic memory of the learning event
50
What is a limitation of the indexing theory?
It does not account for how memories eventually do not rely on the hippocampus
51
Pattern separation may occur _____
at the connection between the dentate gyrus and CA3

PSYC 325 (8 decks)

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