Week 4

Question 1

What are the glutamate receptors?

Answer 1

NDMA and AMPA

Question 2

What hypothesis was Richard Morris the first to test, and how?

Answer 2

• The initial formation of memory trace depends on the activation of NDMA receptors
• Injected an NDMA antagonist into the cerebral spinal fluid so it would spread throughout the brain

Question 3

What were the results of Morris’s study?

Answer 3

APV prevented LTP in the dentate gyrus (hippocampus) and rats’ ability to learn the location of the platform in a place-learning task were dramatically impaired

Question 4

All functional NDMA receptors contain ____ subunits

Answer 4

GluN1

Question 5

What are the GluN2 subtypes?

Answer 5

GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D

Question 6

A combination of GluN1 and GluN2 receptors are needed in order to _____

Answer 6

Form a channel that allows Ca2+ into the neuron

Question 7

The GluN1 subunit in the CA3 regions is important for _____, but not ____

Answer 7

• one-trial place learning

- learning the location of a platform that does not move between trials

Question 8

GluN1 knockout should prevent ____ in the area it deleted

Answer 8

LTP

Question 9

LTP is easier to induce when _____ is dominant because _____

Answer 9

• GluN2B

- The receptors are open longer to let more Ca2+ ions through

Question 10

What change in glutamate receptors causes enhanced learning and memory in mice?

Answer 10

Overexpression of GluN2B receptors

Question 11

Object-recognition memory critically depends on _____

Answer 11

A cortical region adjacent to the hippocampus called the perirhinal cortex

Question 12

Roberto Manilow provided evidence that ______

Answer 12

Behavioural experiences that produce memories traffic additional GluA1 AMPA receptors into spines

Question 13

Preventing _____ impairs fear conditioning

Answer 13

AMPA receptor trafficking

Question 14

Lynch et al have created a class of drugs called ____ which _____

Answer 14

• ampakines

- may enhance cognitive function

Question 15

How do ampakines work?

Answer 15

Cross the blood-brain barrier and bind to AMPA receptors, where they lengthen the duration of channel opening upon binding to glutamate

Question 16

What is the NDMA receptor antagonist?

Answer 16

APV

Question 17

When does APV affect LTP?

Answer 17

Only prevents LTP before it has been established

Question 18

NDMA receptors are critical for ____, while AMPA receptors are critical for ____

Answer 18

• memory acquisition

- memory acquisition and retrieval

Question 19

CA2+ is a second messenger that activates _____, which binds to ____

Answer 19

• calmodulin

- the kinase CaMKII

Question 20

What happens to CaMKII knockout mice?

Answer 20

They are severely impaired in several learning and memory tasks

Question 21

Preventing ____ of CaMKII impairs ____

Answer 21

• autophosphorylation

- rapid memory formation

Question 22

CaMKII is important for what type of memory?

Answer 22

Fear memories

Question 23

What brain areas are critical for fear memories?

Answer 23

• basolateral amygdala

- prelimbic cortex

Question 24

What brain area is critical for taste aversion?

Answer 24

Neurons in the insular cortex

Question 25

Learning activates _____ processes in _____

Answer 25

• actin regulation

- the brain areas associated with the type of memory

Question 26

What is one way to test working memory in animals?

Answer 26

The radial arm maze

Question 27

Enduring LTP can be established without contribution from ____ receptors, but it is important for _____

Answer 27

• GluA1

- the initial early phase of LTP

Question 28

What is instrumental learning/behaviour?

Answer 28

How behaviour is modified by the outcome it produces

Question 29

Declarative and non-declarative memories can also be called _____

Answer 29

Explicit or implicit memory

Question 30

What are the types of explicit/declarative memory?

Answer 30

• semantic

- episodic

Question 31

What are the types of implicit memory?

Answer 31

• procedural
• priming
• learning through classical conditioning

Question 32

GluA1 is important for ____ memory, but not ____ memory

Answer 32

• working

- reference