week 8 respiratory

Question 1

what does the respiratory system consist of

Answer 1

nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

Question 2

what does smooth muscle do to the bronchioles when breathing

Answer 2

contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles impacts the airway

Question 3

what are alveoli + function

Answer 3

small thin sacs that have capillary beds
this is where gas (o2 and c02) exchange

Question 4

structure and function of the respiratory membrane

Answer 4

• separates air molecules in the alveoli from the blood
• is very thin to facilitate diffusion
• has a very large surface area

Question 5

pulmonary ventilation what is it and how does it occur

Answer 5

movement of air into and out of the lungs
molecules move from high pressure to areas of low pressure

Question 6

muscles used in breathing

Answer 6

internal and external intercostals
diaphragm
abdominal muscles
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes

Question 7

how does inhalation occur (inspiration)

Answer 7

diaphragm descends and intercostal muscles contract and this increases volume of thoracic cavity
- decreasing pressure

Question 8

air molecules move through respiratory tubes by

Answer 8

pressure gradient

Question 9

how does exhalation (expiration) occur

Answer 9

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
this decreases the volume of the cavity
pressure increases

Question 10

what muscles become active in exercise

Answer 10

abdominal and internal intercostals they cause forced expiration

Question 11

what happens if air is cold that we breath in

Answer 11

saturated with water vapor and warmed to body temp

Question 12

what is tidal volume

Answer 12

the volume of gas inspired or expired with each breath at rest or during an activity
- 500ml at rest

Question 13

what is the breathing frequency

Answer 13

12-16 per min

Question 14

what is minute ventilation

Answer 14

the volume of gas inspired or expired (not both) per min
tidal volume x breathing frequency

Question 15

what is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

the max volume that can be exhaled from resting end-expiratory position

Question 16

what is inspiratory capacity

Answer 16

the maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from resting end expiratory

Question 17

vital capacity

Answer 17

the greatest volume of gas that can be expelled
sum of inspiratory capacity and the expiratory reserve volume

Question 18

what is residual volume

Answer 18

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

Question 19

what is the functional residual capacity

Answer 19

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of quiet exhalation

Question 20

total lung capacity =

Answer 20

vital capacity plus residual volume

Question 21

what happens to volumes when someone lies down vs standing

Answer 21

laying down = decrease
standing = increase
- because abdominal pushes against diaphragm

Question 22

what are pulmonary function tests norms based on

Answer 22

sex, age height
- problems = don’t consider size of subject

Question 23

what happens to ventilation during exercise

Answer 23

increases linearly with increase exercise intensity
- until 50-60% of VO2 max in untrained and 75-80% of VO2 of endurance athletes

Question 24

what is the ventilatory threshold

Answer 24

the point that ventilation increases disproportionately with o2 consumption

Question 25

what are obstructive disorders

Answer 25

blockage or the narrowing of airways that causes airway resistance - difficulty moving air in and out

Question 26

what are restrictive disorders

Answer 26

damage to the lung tissue that causes a loss of elasticity and compliance making it harder for the expansion of the lung

Question 27

what decreases because of obstructive disorders

Answer 27

max breathing capacity

Question 28

what is reduced by restrictive disorders

Answer 28

- lung volumes are reduces FEV 1.0 and MBC are reduced but FEV1.0/VC ratio is frequently 90% or greater

Question 29

FEV₁.₀ (Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second)

Answer 29

Volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second Measured in liters (L) Lower in obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD) Normal: ≥80% of FVC

Question 30

FEV₁.₀/VC (FEV₁.₀ as % of Vital Capacity)

Answer 30

atio of FEV₁.₀ to VC, expressed as a percentage Used to differentiate obstructive vs. restrictive lung disease Low (<75%) → Obstructive disease (e.g., COPD, asthma) Normal or high with reduced VC → Restrictive disease (e.g., fibrosis)

Question 31

what is FVC forced vital capacity

Answer 31

subject exhales as hard and fast as possible for 4 seconds