week 10 nervous system Flashcards by Carla Hamilton

what are the primitive regions of the brain

forebrain
cerebellum
brainstem

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the cerebral cortex and the lobes

named after bones
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal, occipital

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many cranial nerve and what do they do?

nerves in the brain there are 12 pairs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how many pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does the sympathetic nervous system come from compared to the parasympathetic

sympathetic = coming from the spine - stress response
parasympathetic = coming more from top(cranial) and bottom (sacral) parts of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what stimuli are from the afferent division and what system is it apart of

the peripheral nervous system
- sensory stimuli
- visceral stimuli
(regulates homeostasis in the body)
(senses)
sending info to brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the efferent division do and what are its two divisions

sends information out from the brain
somatic
autonomic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the somatic nervous system do? what division is it apart of

connects to motor neurons and moves skeletal muscles
efferent division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the two systems of the autonomic nervous system and what do they do, what do they effect

sympathetic nervous system - prep body for stress, fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system - digestion and body is relaxed

effect - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are neuroglia

non excitable
physical and biochemical support for neurons
serve as connective tissue of the cns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the neuron do and what are the parts of it

transmits electrical signals
cell body
axon
dendrites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the term nerve fiber refer to?

an axon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an absolute refractory period

period of time when a part of the axon is unable to depolarizatize until it is resturned to resting potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is saltatory conduction

when conduction jumps from each of the nodes of ranvier down the myelin sheath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two ways for fast conduction

if neurons were bigger or have the myelin sheaths

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do autoimmune diseases do to the cns

attack and break down the myelin sheaths
(MS)
cognitive and muscle dysfunction, fatigue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a synapse

the region where a neuron meets its target cell
- dendrite or muscle cell etc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of signal is converted in the post synaptic celft

starts as a chemical synapse and then turns into an electrical signal at the post synpatic cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 classes of neurons

afferent neurons
efferent neurons
interneurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are afferent neurons

carry impulses from the sensory receptors into spinal cord or brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the efferent neurons

transmit impulses from the cns out to the effe tor organs or glands

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are interneurons

lay entirely within the CNS
- account for 99% of nerve cells
- spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action potentials cause sodium ions to ? in the cell

rush into the cell causing depolarization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what would happen if sodium channels are blocked for the neurons in your body

paralysis

tetrodotoxin does this from the puffer fish

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is in the vesicles that enter the synaptic cleft

can be inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitters their effects are additive

how are the transmitters additive and what does this do?

this allows for an action potential to be created when the neurtransmitters have enough excitatory stimuli to reach the threshold

what happens if the neurotransmitter receptors are blocked

paralysis

how are the 31 pairs divided in the spinal cord (location)

8 - cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

what is the plexus

a network of converging and diverging nerve fibers or blood vessels

what is the gray matter composed of

nerve cell bodies

what is the white matter formed from

axons

where is doral and ventral located

- dorsal - back root _ (dorsal back to interneurons) - ventral - front root (ventral return to motor)

what do dorsal roots contain

afferent (sensory) fibers that carry info from periphery to spinal cord and brain

what do the ventral roots contain

efferent (motor) fibres to the skeletal muscles

cell bodies of motor axons make up _______ roots

ventral (ventral gray horns)

the cell bodies of sensory axons make up _________ roots

dorsal - ouside of spinal cord in the spinal ganglia

what is a ganglion

a collection of nerve cell bodies that is located outside of the CNS dorsal root ganglion

what happens when a spinal injury occurs

there is a loss of sensation and voluntary movement from the point of injury inferior

if spinal injury is above c4 what occurs

respiratory failure and patient may die

when is someone quadripelgic

injured above c5

when is someone paraplegic

paraliysis of both lower limbs injury below cervical segment of spinal cord thoracic, lumbar, sacral?

what are proprioceptors

conduct sensory info to CNS from muscles tendons and joints kenesthetic sense

spindle fibers how do they lay

parallel to regular muscles

muscle spinds function

send info to the CNS regarding the degree of muscle stretch - activates exact number of motor units to overcome a resistance

what is a tonic stretch

concerned with the final kength of the muscle fiber

what is the phasic stretch

spindle responds to the velocity of the change of length

what is the gamma system

muscle spindle fibers innervate the contractile ends of the intrafusal fibers

what occurs when alpha motor neurons are activated

the gamma motor neurons are also activiated

what is our stretch reflex

- patellar tendon tap muscle spindles are distributed throughout the muscle and density depends of degree of control needed

what are the 5 components of the relfex pathway

receptor (muscle spindle) afferent (sensory) neuron integrating centre ( spinal cord) efferent (motor) neuron (both alpha and gamma) effector (muscle contraction)

what area of the brain is responsible for new motor skills/ voluntary movement patterns

cerebral cortex and cerebellum

what is the primary motor cortex

located at rear of frontal lobe stimulates different areas of primary motor , allows for movement

what is the motor homunculus

responsible for tongue, face, hands arm

what is in the primary motor cortex

the motor homunculus, no coordinated movement comes from primary motor cortex tho

the motor cortex on each side of the brain controls?

the opposite side of the body motor neuros cross over the pyramids of the medulla

what is the somatosensory cortex

the sight of processing pressure, touch, heat and pian or proprioceptive input - anterior section of parietal lobe each region recieves sensory input from a specific area

what is and where is the cerebellum

behind the brain stem - feedback loops to monitor and coordinate areas of brain and motor control Receives motor output from cortex, receptors in muscles and tendons

function of the cerebellum

the major comparing, evaluating and integrating center for postural adjustments , locomotion, percption of body movement and coordination

what is the function of muscle spindles

to send information to the CNS regarding the degree of muscle stretch

what happens when the degree of stretch of muscle spindles increases

the frequency of impulse transmission up afferent neurons & spinal cord increases

what are the golgi tendon organs GTO

they are in series within muscle fibers rather than in parallel like muscle spindles

what is stretched when our muscle contracts

the GTO golgi tendon organs

what is the corticospinal tract

long axons that carry impulses from the primary motor cortex to where their cell bodies are located directly to motor neurons - responsible for fine finger or toe movements

what is the premotor cortex and where is it

one of the three areas that comands primary motor cortex - located on the lateral surface in front of the primary motor cortex