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Exercise Research > Week 8 - Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research > Flashcards

Week 8 - Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Flashcards

1
Q

List the affective domain characteristics (5 points)

A
  • Interests
  • Attitudes
  • Values
  • Emotions
  • Beliefs
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2
Q

What is an example of affective development in exercise science domain? (8 points)

A
  • Human movement AIMS TO DEVELOP PARTICIPANTS’:
    • +ve attitude to physical activity
    • +ve self image
    • desirable social behaviors
  • E.g. Is the athlete comfortable with the testing procedure? Did the procedure effect performance?
  • What are the athletes’ attitudes towards the training program
    • +ve – likely to continue
    • -ve - likely to stop
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3
Q

What is an example of affective development in fitness industry domain? (5 points)

A
  • What are the clients’/members’ goals?
  • Are they satisfied with services? Instructors, classes, equipment
  • What are their needs?
    • Club atmosphere
    • Individual support
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4
Q

What is an example of affective development in management domain? (3 points)

A
  • Do the major stakeholders perceive their interests are being met?
  • Are client expectations of a service or venue being met?
  • How can the management team work more collaboratively?
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5
Q

WHY MEASURE IN THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN? (4 points)

A
  • Thinking about beliefs, thinking, attitude, feelings as well as actions & behaviours
  • By understanding these, may predict future actions
  • Will then be able to inform, program, plan and deliver more effectively
  • Measuring in the affective domain tells us why and requires deep understanding
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6
Q

List the qualitative measuring process (3 points)

A
  1. Conceptualisation
  2. Operationalization
  3. Interview
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7
Q

Describe Conceptualisation (7 points)

A
  • Develop a research question/problem/phenomena YOU want to explore
    • Specific, measurable & realistic, yet open & deep
  • Researcher has to identify and define the concepts relevant to the problem
  • Examples:
    • What are sports management students’ concerns about running their first sports event?
    • An exploration of Year 1 ExSS students’ perception of the major causes of childhood obesity
  • Determine who you need to ask to answer your question/problem - Participants
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8
Q

Describe Operationalization (5 points)

A
  • Process of linking question/problem/phenomena to measurement techniques and procedure:
  • Common qualitative approaches:
    • Interviews
    • Survey questionnaire
    • Observation in field setting
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9
Q

Describe the interview (11 points)

A
  • One of the main data collection tools in qualitative research
  • Basically asking questions and receiving answers…
  • Seeks to…
    • Uncover the facts
    • Understand the meaning of what the interviewee says
    • Get the story behind a participant’s experiences
    • Pursue in-depth information
  • Types of interviews:
    • Structured
    • Semi-structured
    • Unstructured
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10
Q

Descrive structured interviews (5 points)

A
  • Standardized interviews
  • Survey interviews
  • Conducted face-to-face
  • Information collected efficiently
  • May be restrictive
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11
Q

Descrive semi-structured interviews (7 points)

A
  • In-depth interviews
  • Survey interviews
  • Group interviews
  • Convergent interviewing
  • Combination of:
    • Pre-determined questions (structure)
    • Unstructured content to enable the interviewer to explore/probe themes in more detail
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12
Q

Descrive unstructured interviews (7 points)

A
  • In-depth interviews
  • Group interviews
  • Life history interviews
  • Conversational or informal
  • No specific questions
  • Broad information is collected
  • Can be difficult to interpret as each interviewer may cover different areas
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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of an interview? (4 points)

A
  • Time consuming
  • Resource intensive
  • Findings limited to the population studied. Cannot generalize
  • Many opportunities for subjectivity
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14
Q

List the different type interview questions (16 points)

A
  1. Open-ended
    - Require more than one word answers
    - Helpful in finding out more about a person or situation
    - Examples: What is your favourite memory from childhood?
  2. Closed-ended
    - Can answer with a yes/no response or other one word responses
    - Examples:
    • Are you happy?
    • What is your best quality?
    • Do you have a pet?
  3. Two-in-one
    - Tend to be confusing
    - Most respondents answer one question and forget about the other
    - Example: What did you do after you have been injured, and how did you feel about that?
  4. “Why”
    - Tend to put people on the spot
    - Suggests the interviewer does not believe what they have said
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15
Q

How do you design interview questions (10 questions)

A
  • Demographic questions:
    • Gender
    • Age
    • School
    • Sports Background
  • Open questions:
    • Enable you to answer your question
    • Should flow
    • Have backup, probing questions
    • Not obvious, leading or ambiguous
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16
Q

Where should the interviews be conducted? (3 points)

A
  • Quiet, interruption free environment
  • Ensure audio recorder working
  • Ensure that you have your pre planned questions with you
17
Q

How should the interviews be conducted? (10 points)

A
  • Briefly explain the purpose, format, and duration
  • Ask interviewee to clarify any doubts throughout
  • Keep track of questions, refer to notes if necessary
  • Ask for examples if you do not understand their answer
  • Last question, allow respondents to provide additional information
  • Be prepared, practice
  • Eye contact
  • Only ask one question at a time
  • Don’t lead, interrupt, assume
  • Remain neutral
18
Q

Describe sampling (5 points)

A
  • The process of selecting groups or individuals for inclusion in a project
    • Technique chosen will vary with question
  • Types of sampling
    • Probability – where each individual in the population has an equal chance of appearing in database
    • Non-probability – where select information-rich cases
19
Q

Describe non-probability sampling (4 points)

A

Most common techniques:
- Convenience sampling = locate a group as quickly as possible in order to maximise convenience and minimise cost
- Snowball sampling = word of mouth and networks to locate people that meet certain criteria
- Homogeneous sampling = exploring a particular subgroup of people
- Theoretical sampling = involves sampling for concepts or examples of particular situations in the data

20
Q

Describe Ethics (9 points)

A
  • Often plays a dominant role in judging qualitative research quality.
  • Two major areas:
    1. Ethical treatment of study participants
    2. The research should contribute in some way to understanding and action that can improve social circumstances
  • Questions:
    • Is it unethical not to fully inform potential participants of the aims and direction if this knowledge influences responses?
    • Can researchers really protect the identity of places and participants?
    • What happens when a participant is unhappy with the interpretation of his/her interview transcript?
    • What does beneficial knowledge actually mean, and who decides this?
21
Q

Describe trustworthiness (8 points)

A
  • Qualitative researchers do not provide numerical evidence that data is reliable and valid
  • But, use techniques during instrument development, data collection and data analysis
    Examples:
  • Face validity often termed member checks = researcher goes back to the participants to share conclusions and see whether agree
  • Prolonged engagement = researcher must spend enough time to obtain good data
  • A rich, thick description = thorough description of setting and context
  • Triangulation = the use of three independent sources of data to support conclusion
  • Clarification of researcher bias = researcher acknowledging biases and how they were dealt with
    • Multiple researchers analysing transcripts
22
Q

Describe the problems with measuring in the affective domain (10 points)

A
  1. INVALID
    - Influential statements
    - Leading questions
  2. Unreliable
    - Attitudes are unstable
    - Depends on honesty
    - Recall inaccuracy
  3. Subjective
    - Responses need to be interpreted
    - Researchers’ beliefs can’t be ignored
23
Q

Describe analysis of interview data (4 points)

A
  • Basis for analyses is interview transcript
  • Transcript = verbatim (word for word) written version of the conversation
  • Slow process
  • Type out in a Word file

Exercise Research (11 decks)

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