Week 8 - Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research Flashcards
List the affective domain characteristics (5 points)
- Interests
- Attitudes
- Values
- Emotions
- Beliefs
What is an example of affective development in exercise science domain? (8 points)
- Human movement AIMS TO DEVELOP PARTICIPANTS’:
- +ve attitude to physical activity
- +ve self image
- desirable social behaviors
- E.g. Is the athlete comfortable with the testing procedure? Did the procedure effect performance?
- What are the athletes’ attitudes towards the training program
- +ve – likely to continue
- -ve - likely to stop
What is an example of affective development in fitness industry domain? (5 points)
- What are the clients’/members’ goals?
- Are they satisfied with services? Instructors, classes, equipment
- What are their needs?
- Club atmosphere
- Individual support
What is an example of affective development in management domain? (3 points)
- Do the major stakeholders perceive their interests are being met?
- Are client expectations of a service or venue being met?
- How can the management team work more collaboratively?
WHY MEASURE IN THE AFFECTIVE DOMAIN? (4 points)
- Thinking about beliefs, thinking, attitude, feelings as well as actions & behaviours
- By understanding these, may predict future actions
- Will then be able to inform, program, plan and deliver more effectively
- Measuring in the affective domain tells us why and requires deep understanding
List the qualitative measuring process (3 points)
- Conceptualisation
- Operationalization
- Interview
Describe Conceptualisation (7 points)
- Develop a research question/problem/phenomena YOU want to explore
- Specific, measurable & realistic, yet open & deep
- Researcher has to identify and define the concepts relevant to the problem
- Examples:
- What are sports management students’ concerns about running their first sports event?
- An exploration of Year 1 ExSS students’ perception of the major causes of childhood obesity
- Determine who you need to ask to answer your question/problem - Participants
Describe Operationalization (5 points)
- Process of linking question/problem/phenomena to measurement techniques and procedure:
- Common qualitative approaches:
- Interviews
- Survey questionnaire
- Observation in field setting
Describe the interview (11 points)
- One of the main data collection tools in qualitative research
- Basically asking questions and receiving answers…
- Seeks to…
- Uncover the facts
- Understand the meaning of what the interviewee says
- Get the story behind a participant’s experiences
- Pursue in-depth information
- Types of interviews:
- Structured
- Semi-structured
- Unstructured
Descrive structured interviews (5 points)
- Standardized interviews
- Survey interviews
- Conducted face-to-face
- Information collected efficiently
- May be restrictive
Descrive semi-structured interviews (7 points)
- In-depth interviews
- Survey interviews
- Group interviews
- Convergent interviewing
- Combination of:
- Pre-determined questions (structure)
- Unstructured content to enable the interviewer to explore/probe themes in more detail
Descrive unstructured interviews (7 points)
- In-depth interviews
- Group interviews
- Life history interviews
- Conversational or informal
- No specific questions
- Broad information is collected
- Can be difficult to interpret as each interviewer may cover different areas
What are the disadvantages of an interview? (4 points)
- Time consuming
- Resource intensive
- Findings limited to the population studied. Cannot generalize
- Many opportunities for subjectivity
List the different type interview questions (16 points)
- Open-ended
- Require more than one word answers
- Helpful in finding out more about a person or situation
- Examples: What is your favourite memory from childhood? - Closed-ended
- Can answer with a yes/no response or other one word responses
- Examples:- Are you happy?
- What is your best quality?
- Do you have a pet?
- Two-in-one
- Tend to be confusing
- Most respondents answer one question and forget about the other
- Example: What did you do after you have been injured, and how did you feel about that? - “Why”
- Tend to put people on the spot
- Suggests the interviewer does not believe what they have said
How do you design interview questions (10 questions)
- Demographic questions:
- Gender
- Age
- School
- Sports Background
- Open questions:
- Enable you to answer your question
- Should flow
- Have backup, probing questions
- Not obvious, leading or ambiguous
Where should the interviews be conducted? (3 points)
- Quiet, interruption free environment
- Ensure audio recorder working
- Ensure that you have your pre planned questions with you
How should the interviews be conducted? (10 points)
- Briefly explain the purpose, format, and duration
- Ask interviewee to clarify any doubts throughout
- Keep track of questions, refer to notes if necessary
- Ask for examples if you do not understand their answer
- Last question, allow respondents to provide additional information
- Be prepared, practice
- Eye contact
- Only ask one question at a time
- Don’t lead, interrupt, assume
- Remain neutral
Describe sampling (5 points)
- The process of selecting groups or individuals for inclusion in a project
- Technique chosen will vary with question
- Types of sampling
- Probability – where each individual in the population has an equal chance of appearing in database
- Non-probability – where select information-rich cases
Describe non-probability sampling (4 points)
Most common techniques:
- Convenience sampling = locate a group as quickly as possible in order to maximise convenience and minimise cost
- Snowball sampling = word of mouth and networks to locate people that meet certain criteria
- Homogeneous sampling = exploring a particular subgroup of people
- Theoretical sampling = involves sampling for concepts or examples of particular situations in the data
Describe Ethics (9 points)
- Often plays a dominant role in judging qualitative research quality.
- Two major areas:
1. Ethical treatment of study participants
2. The research should contribute in some way to understanding and action that can improve social circumstances - Questions:
- Is it unethical not to fully inform potential participants of the aims and direction if this knowledge influences responses?
- Can researchers really protect the identity of places and participants?
- What happens when a participant is unhappy with the interpretation of his/her interview transcript?
- What does beneficial knowledge actually mean, and who decides this?
Describe trustworthiness (8 points)
- Qualitative researchers do not provide numerical evidence that data is reliable and valid
- But, use techniques during instrument development, data collection and data analysis
Examples: - Face validity often termed member checks = researcher goes back to the participants to share conclusions and see whether agree
- Prolonged engagement = researcher must spend enough time to obtain good data
- A rich, thick description = thorough description of setting and context
- Triangulation = the use of three independent sources of data to support conclusion
- Clarification of researcher bias = researcher acknowledging biases and how they were dealt with
- Multiple researchers analysing transcripts
Describe the problems with measuring in the affective domain (10 points)
- INVALID
- Influential statements
- Leading questions - Unreliable
- Attitudes are unstable
- Depends on honesty
- Recall inaccuracy - Subjective
- Responses need to be interpreted
- Researchers’ beliefs can’t be ignored
Describe analysis of interview data (4 points)
- Basis for analyses is interview transcript
- Transcript = verbatim (word for word) written version of the conversation
- Slow process
- Type out in a Word file