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Exercise Research > Week 10: Questionnaires > Flashcards

Week 10: Questionnaires Flashcards

1
Q

Describe surveys (15 points)

A
  • Survey research is a very old, and a very popular research technique
  • For example, 1800 Karl Marx in France. 25,000 questionnaires sent to workers
  • Most widely used social science data-gathering technique
  • Descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research purposes
  • Appropriate when researching:
    • Behaviours
    • Beliefs, opinions, attitudes
    • Characteristics
    • Expectations
    • Knowledge
  • Many forms
    • Phone
    • Web
    • Mail
    • Self-administered
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2
Q

Describe the stages of conducting surveys (22 points)

A
  1. Stage 1
    - Decide on type of survey
    - Write questions
    - Decide on response categories
    - Design layout
  2. Stage
    - Plan how to record data
    - Pilot test survey instrument
  3. Stage
    - Target population
    - Sample size
    - Select sample
  4. Stage
    - Locate respondents
    - Record data
  5. Stage
    - Enter data
    - Recheck
    - Statistical analysis
  6. Stage
    - Describe methods and findings in research report
    - Present findings
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3
Q

List the types of surveys (4 points)

A
  • MAIL AND SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES
  • WEB SURVEYS
  • TELEPHONE SURVEYS
  • FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS
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4
Q

Describe MAIL AND SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES (4 points)

A
  • Hand administered to a group or mailed to a sample
  • Distribution and return practices
  • Sponsorship
  • Inducement to respond
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5
Q

List the advantages of MAIL AND SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES (4 points)

A
  • Inexpensive, easy for a single researcher
  • Send to a wide geographical area
  • Respondent can complete when convenient
  • Offer anonymity
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6
Q

List the disadvantages of MAIL AND SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRES (4 points)

A
  • Low response rate
  • No control over completion conditions
  • No one present to clarify questions or probe for further information
  • Limits the type of questions
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7
Q

Describe Web Surveys (2 points)

A
  • Use same basic design as mail surveys
  • Online link provided to potential participants
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8
Q

List the advantages of Web Surveys (3 points)

A
  • Fast and inexpensive
  • Flexible design
    • Visual images, audio or video
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9
Q

List the disadvantages of Web Surveys (3 points)

A
  • Coverage
  • Privacy and confidentiality
  • Verification
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10
Q

Describe telephone surveys (6 points)

A
  • Can reach 95% of households
  • Use of telephone interview schedules
  • Samples:
    • Telephone directory
    • Random digit dialing (RDD)
    • Selecting respondent
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11
Q

List the advantages of telephone surveys (4 points)

A
  • Popular – reach almost entire population
  • Flexible design
  • Cheaper to conduct than face-to-face
  • Can decrease missing data
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12
Q

List the disadvantages of telephone surveys (3 points)

A
  • Limited interview length
  • Increased use of mobiles
  • Large number of attempts may be required
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13
Q

Describe FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS (3 points)

A
  • Structured: planned and standardised
  • Semi-structured: combination of pre-determined and unstructured
  • Unstructured: conversational or informal
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14
Q

List the advantages of FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS (4 points)

A
  • Highest response rate
  • Longest questionnaires
  • Nonverbal communication
  • All types of questions
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15
Q

List the disadvantages of FACE-TO-FACE INTERVIEWS (3 points)

A
  • High cost
  • Interviewer bias
  • Training
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16
Q

Label the missing areas as either low, moderate or high (24 points)

A
17
Q

List type of questions (7 points)

A
  • Need questions that indicate direction & strength of feelings
  • Likert scale
  • 2 point score
  • Semantic scale
  • Ranking
  • Closed ended
  • Open ended
18
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of 2 point scale (5 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- No fence sitting
- Easy to understand
- Reliable - accurate

DISADVANTAGES
- Irritating
- Does not represent strength of feelings

19
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of ranking (4 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- Easy to score
- Prioritise

DISADVANTAGES
- Errors in responding – unreliable
- Doesn’t include all possibilities – “other”

20
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of likert scale (9 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- 4-7 descriptors
- Adaptable
- Administration
- Quantify
- Analyse – Chi square

DISADVANTAGES
- Developing valid and reliable items takes time
- Odd = fence sitting
- Even = force unreal decision
- Multidimensional questions

21
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of semantic differential scale (6 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- Adaptable
- Allows evaluation of several different components

DISADVANTAGES
- Difficult to find accurate bipolar adjectives
- Scoring
- Time consuming
- Errors

22
Q

Describe the differences between closed and open-ended response questions (4 points)

A

Closed Response
- Refers to questions that have fixed categories for respondents to choose
- Quantitative analysis

Open-ended
- Allows for free responses
- Qualitative analysis

23
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of closed responses (8 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- Quicker and easier for respondents
- Easier analysis. Comparison of answers
- Response choices can clarify question meaning
- Less articulate or less literate are not disadvantaged

DISADVANTAGES
- Suggest answers that respondent may not have thought of
- Confusing if too many choices
- Errors are possible i.e. Misinterpretation, Marking wrong answer
- Can answer even if you have no knowledge or opinion

24
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of open responses (14 points)

A

ADVANTAGES
- Unlimited answers
- Detail
- Clarify
- Self-expression
- Richness
- Unanticipated findings

DISADVANTAGES
- Different level of detail
- Difficulties
- Irrelevant responses
- Written verbatim
- Coding
- Statistical analysis
- Articulate and highly literate – advantage
- Time, thought and effort

25
Q

Describe the principles of questions-writing (17 points)

A
  • Choose your wording carefully. Be careful of Jargon, slang, abbreviations, vagueness
  • Avoid:
    • Emotional language
    • Prestige bias
    • Double-barrelled questions
    • Beliefs as real
    • Leading questions
    • Issues beyond a respondent’s capabilities
    • False premises
    • Distant future intentions
    • Double negatives
    • Unbalanced responses
  • Other issues:
    • Threatening questions
    • Socially desirable questions
    • Knowledge questions
    • Skip or contingency questions
26
Q

Describe the structure of a questionnaire (13 points)

A
  • Layout of questionnaire:
    1. Title
    2. Brief introduction and explanation of research
    3. General demographic questions
    4. Non-threatening or less sensitive questions
    5. Any sensitive or threatening questions
    6. Open-ended question asking for any additional information or feedback
    7. Conclusion with brief statement thanking respondents for time and effort
  • Keep questionnaire as short as is reasonably possible
  • Appearance of the questionnaire is important
  • Use bold font and underlying for titles/headings
  • Use examples and sample questions for clarity, but be careful not to introduce bias.
  • Use existing scales or measures where possible

Exercise Research (11 decks)

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