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D1 Spring - Histopathology > Week 8 - Oral Mucous Membranes > Flashcards

Week 8 - Oral Mucous Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of mucous membranes?

A
  1. Absorption (saliva mixing with food allows for absorption through the membrane)
  2. Excretion (two way passage of materials)
  3. Protection
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2
Q

What kind of mucosa is masticatory?

A

keratinized (contains keratin, a protein that adds toughness)

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3
Q

Where is masticatory mucosa located?

A
  • gingiva
  • hard palate
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4
Q

What kind of mucosa is lining mucosa?

A

non-keratinized, thinner

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5
Q

Where is lining mucosa located?

A

o Alveolar mucosa
o Buccal mucosa
o Floor of the mouth
o Ventral surface of the tongue (underneath)
o Soft palate

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6
Q

What kind of mucosa is specialized mucosa?

A

Contains taste buds

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7
Q

Where is specialized mucosa found?

A
  • Dorsal surface of the tongue (top)
  • Little down the pharynx
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8
Q

Describe the lining mucosa when looking at a mouth

A

above MGJ, thinner and non-keratinized

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9
Q

Describe the mucogingival junction when looking at a mouth

A

separates attached and unattached gingiva

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10
Q

Describe the masticatory mucosa when looking at a mouth

A

below MGJ, tougher, denser, and keratinized

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11
Q

What is the microscopic organization of mucous membranes?

A

mucus membranes can have submucosa or no submucosa

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12
Q

Where is the submucosa found?

A

found in mucosa areas where you need salivary glands or fat layers

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13
Q

What is seen when there is no submucosa?

A

Mucoperiosteum instead

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14
Q

What is a mucoperiosteum?

A

A periosteum with a mucosal surface with the periosteum of bone to form an apparent single layer (very close/direct transition between bone and epithelium)

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15
Q

Describe the submucosa of the hard palate

A
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16
Q

What are the epithelial layers from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Stratum corneum/keratin layer
  2. Stratum granulosum/granular cell layer
  3. Stratum spinosum/spinous cell layer
  4. Stratum basale/stratum germinative/basal cell layer
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17
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Cells are completely flat with no organelles. They are sacs of keratin proteinaceous mixture. High turnover rate, tend to exfoliate very easily

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18
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Flattened layer containing dense, dark granules. Reduced but present organelles

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19
Q

Where are keratohyalin granules found?

A

Stratum granulosom

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20
Q

What are keratohyalin granules?

A

Precursors to keratin

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21
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Characterized by round/ovoid cells
Point of which desmosomes (intercellular attachments) start to form

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22
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Single celled (cuboidal, progenitor cells) layer near the bottom
These cells replicate and make cells for all of the other cell layers

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23
Q

Describe the interconnection of epithelium

A
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24
Q

Where does epithelium rest on?

A

Basement membrane (separates epithelium from connective tissue)

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25
Q

What kind of intercellular attachments do epithelium exhibit?

A

One or more specialized intercellular attachments
i.e., desmosomes, tonofilaments

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26
Q

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular
(receives all nutrients through diffusion from dermal connective tissue layer just below the skin)

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27
Q

How are cells arranged in epithelium?

A

Cells are packed together -> Exhibits a high degree of cellularity and relatively low volume of extracellular matrix

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28
Q

What does it mean that epithelium cells exhibit polarity?

A
  • Cells exhibit apical, basal, and lateral borders
  • Polarity is expressed in the distribution of cytoplasmic organelles
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29
Q

What are variations of stratum corneum determined by?

A

way the nuclei are organized or the way keratin is formed to determine the type of keratinization present

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30
Q

What is orthokeratosis?

A

Refers to normal keratin formation with clinically normal presentation

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31
Q

What is parakeratosis?

A

Presence/retention of pyknotic nuclei (nucelli with densely stained chromatin) in the stratum corneum

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32
Q

What is hyperkaratosis?

A

Abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum. May exhibit aberrant patterns of keratinization

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33
Q

What is dyskeratosis?

A

Abnormal keratinization below the level of stratum corneum (i.e. keratinization within the stratum granulosum and/or stratum spinosum)

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34
Q

What is gingival dyskeratosis characterized by?

A

by keratin pearls (areas of abnormal keratinization well below stratum corneum)

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35
Q

What are keratin pearls?

A

These are pathognomonic (something seen histologically that can only lead to one condition) for squamous cell carcinoma

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36
Q

What is acanthosis?

A

hyperplasia of the epithelial layer (increase in the number of cells)

37
Q

Where is acanthosis seen in?

A

Palms of hands and feet (normal)

38
Q

What is this?

A

acanthosis and parakeratosis

39
Q

What is acantholysis?

A

Loss of intercellular attachments (desmosomes) between epithelial cells (keratinocytes)

40
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another (i.e. transition of columnar to squamous epithelium in the respiratory tract as a response to smoking)

41
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Refers to a disorderly but non-neoplastic growth of tissue including the epithelial layer

42
Q

What is dysplasia characterized by?

A

pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and loss of normal special orientation

43
Q

What can dysplasia be a sign of?

A

Precancerous condition
- it itself is not cancer. It shows changes in density, darkness, so therefore something is wrong

44
Q

What is this?

A

Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis
White: intraorally when keratin gets wet it turn white

45
Q

What is leukoplakia?

A

Thickened epithelial layer

46
Q

What is inflammatory periodontal disease?

A
  • Calculus and susceptibility of hosts causes attachment loss
  • Results in apical migration of junctional epithelium
47
Q

What is this?

A

Inflammatory periodontal disease

48
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

In basal cell layer

49
Q

Describe a melanocyte

A

Dendritic morphology (contains long processes)

50
Q

What is the function of a melanocyte?

A

Synthesis of melanin pigment granules (melanosomes)

51
Q

Where are langerhans cells located?

A

In stratum spinosum

52
Q

Describe langerhans cells

A

Dendritic morphology
Characteristic Langerhans granules (looks like tennis racquet)

53
Q

What are the function of langerhans cells?

A

antigen trap in epithelium and transfers antigen information to CD4 lymphocytes. “Sits there and waits for a foreign body to come along to calls CD4 cells to do their thing”

54
Q

Where are merkel cells located?

A

In the basal cell layer

55
Q

Describe a merkel cell

A
  • Rounded morphology
  • Contain characteristic “dense core” granules
56
Q

What are the functions of merkel cells?

A

unknown, but something to do with tactile sensation of skin

57
Q

Where are lymphocytes located?

A

basal and spinous cell layers

58
Q

Describe a lymphocyte

A

Rounded morphology

58
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

associated with immune and inflammatory responses
- immune surveillance and antigen message processing
- inflammation: both humoral (antibody-antigen reaction) and cellular response (help clean things up)

59
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

what separates the epithelium from the underlying submucosa or connective tissue

59
Q

What is the organization of the basement membrane?

A

consists of basal lamina (made up of lamina lucida and densa) and lamina reticularis (connective tissue)

60
Q

What is the function of the basal lamina?

A

(has multiple layers of collagen that helps adhere connective tissue to epidermal layer
- Also has hemidesmosomes locking/connecting it to the basement membrane)

61
Q

What are components of the lamina lucida?

A

- Contains bullous pemphigoid antigen (condition) and type VII collagen (anchoring fibrils)
- Also contains Kalinin, K-laminin, entactin, epiligrin, BMG-1 and classic laminin)

62
Q

What are components of the lamina densa?

A

- Contains type IV collagen and type VII collagen
- Also contains fibronectin (helps with polarization and connecting and lining cells up), integrins (adhesion), BMG-1, and classic laminin

63
Q

What are components of the lamina reticularis?

A
  • Contains reticulin connective tissue
  • Also contains type I and type II collagen and elastic (for strength)
64
Q

What makes up the cytoplasm of the cel?

A

Intermediate filaments or tonofilaments (keratin 5 and 14)
Actin
Myosin
Talin
Vinculin

65
Q

What are components of the hemidesmosome?

A

Bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and 2 (BPAG1/BPAG2)
Cadherins
Syndecans
Integrin alpha6 and beta4

66
Q

What are cellular attachments?

A

Desmosome
Hemidesmosome
Intermediate junction
Tight junction
gap junction

67
Q

What do all 5 cellular attachments do together during trauma?

A

with trauma, all 5 work together to dissipate forces and help to absorb trauma and keep things from falling apart

68
Q

What happens with loss of cellular attachments?

A

Common in response to inflammation

69
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

circular areas of attachment between cells

70
Q

What do desmosomes have that hook two cells together?

A

Tonofilaments

71
Q

What are protein components that help with adhesion?

A

E-cadherin (desmoglein) and P-cadherin (desmocolin), plakoglobin, periplakin, evoplakin, desmoplakin I and II

72
Q

Where are cadherins located? and what are their functions?

A

located in between. Is a sticky protein that functions in allowing for communication to occur between cells

73
Q

What are the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

Semi-circular areas that contain tonofilaments that attach cell down to basement membrane

74
Q

Where are hemidesmosomes found?

A

Along basement membrane

75
Q

What are tight junctinos?

A

area of two cells pressed together so tightly that there is a seal

76
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

small spaces in between the cells that allow for electrical communication

77
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Secrete collagen and elastin

78
Q

What are the function of histiocytes?

A

Resident precursors of functional macrophages

79
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Blood-borne precursor of functional macrophage

80
Q

How are macrophages created?

A

Monocyte -> Histiocyte -> macrophage

81
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytic cell capable of antigen processing

82
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A

Secretes inflammatory mediators (i.e. histamine, heparin)

83
Q

What are the functions of plasma cells?

A

Synthesis of immunoglobulins (antibodies)

84
Q

What are the functions of endothelial cells?

A

Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

85
Q

What are transient cells within the lamina propria?

A

Neutrophills and lymphocytes

86
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytic cell capable of neutralizing antigens and killing bacteria

87
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Humoral and cell-mediated immune response

D1 Spring - Histopathology (14 decks)

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