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D1 Spring - Histopathology > Week 1 - Intro to Oral Histopathology of Oral Tissues > Flashcards

Week 1 - Intro to Oral Histopathology of Oral Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of human development?

A

Proliferation period (0-3 weeks)
Embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
Fetal development period (9 weeks to term)

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2
Q

What is fertilized during the proliferation period and what does it yield?

A

Fertilization of ovum yields zygote

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3
Q

What does the mitotic cleavage of zygote form?

A

Blastomeres

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4
Q

> 32 blastomeres is called ______

A

morula

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5
Q

The 64 cell stage morula develops an internal blastocystic cavity referred to as ______

A

blastocyst

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6
Q

When the blastocyst develops an inner cell mass at days 6-7, what is this referred to?

A

Embryoblast

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7
Q

When does implantation of the embryoblast in the uterine wall begin and complete?

A

Day 4; Day 10

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8
Q

What does the inner cell mass of the embryoblast transition into?

A

The bilaminar embryonic disc (Two layers)

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9
Q

What do the outer cell masses become?

A

Cytotrophoblast and syntrophoblast layers which are precursor to the placenta

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10
Q

What are the layers of the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast layer
Hypoblast later

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11
Q

What makes up the epiblast layer?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm

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12
Q

What makes up the hypoblast layer?

A

Endoderm

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13
Q

What structures are associated with the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

Epiblast layer
Hypoblast layer
Amniotic cavity
Blastocyst cavity
Syntrophoblasts
cytotrophoblasts

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14
Q

The enlargement of the amntiotic cavity and migration of cells out of the hypoblast form?

A

Heuser’s membrane

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15
Q

What does the Heuser’s membrane form?

A

Internal lining of the blastocyst cavity - now called the yolk sac

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16
Q

What are the three cell layers of the proliferation period?

A

Epiblast
Embryonic mesoderm
Hypoblast

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17
Q

What are embryonic cavities of the proliferation period?

A

Amniotic
Yolk sac
Chorionic

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18
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by formation of the:

A

Primitive streak
Notochord
Neural tube

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19
Q

During the 3rd week of development, the bilaminar embryonic disc is characterized by formation of what three distinct embryonic germ layers?

A

Ectoderm (formerly the epiblast layer)
Mesoderm
Endoderm (formerly the hypoblast layer)

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20
Q

What is a primitive streak? and what is visible during the time it is being formed?

A

Cells from the epiblast invaginating in forming the 3rd layer (mesoderm)

Pit
Node
Groove

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21
Q

Describe the steps of how the notochord is created

A

Primitive node -> notochordal process -> notochord

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22
Q

What invaginates within the primitive node?

A

Pre-notochordal cells

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23
Q

Cells invaginate until they reach the?

A

Prechordal plate “road block”

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24
Q

When the cells detach themselves from the ectodermal layer to line within the mesoderm, it forms the?

A

Notochord

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25
Q

What does the notochord function as?

A

A primitive skeletal sipport of the embryo around which the axial skeleton later forms

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26
Q

What does the notochord induce formation of?

A

Somites, the precursors of the vertebral column, ribs, associated back muscles and overlying dermis

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27
Q

What cells is the notochord made from and what is it derived from?

A

Ectodermal cells; primitive node

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28
Q

What does the notochord establish?

A

Symmetry and polarity of development

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29
Q

What does the notochord induce?

A

Somites

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30
Q

What two parts make up the lateral plate mesoderm?

A

Parietal
Visceral

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31
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Somites

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32
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital system

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33
Q

What does the parietal mesoderm form?

A

MEsothelial (serous) membranes that cover the perutoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

34
Q

What does the visceral mesoderm form?

A

The thin serous membranes that cover individual organs, stomach, pancreas, spleen

34
Q

What are derivatives of ectoderm?

A

Epidermis, hair and nails
Epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Salivary and endocrine glands
Nervous system
Tooth enamel

34
Q

What are derivatives of endoderm?

A

GI tract epithelium and associated glands

35
Q

What are neural tube related developmental defects?

A

Spina bifida
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Meningoencephalocele
Anencephaly

36
Q

What is a spina bifida?

A

Folic acid deficiency

37
Q

What is meningocele?

A

Extrusion of dura and arachnoid mater

38
Q

What is meningomyelocele

A

Extrusion of neural tissue plus all three meninges

39
Q

What is meningoencephalocele?

A

Extrusion of a ventricular cistern plus neural tissue

40
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Fetal defect characterized by lack of development of the cranium and brain

41
Q

What are examples of minor neural tube defects?

A

Spina bifida
Meningocele

42
Q

What are severe neural tube defects?

A

Meningomyelocele
Meningohydroencephalocele

43
Q

What are fatal defects of the neural tube?

A

Anencephaly

44
Q

What are different names for neural crest cells?

A

Ectomesencyme
Neuroectoderm

45
Q

What are different names for neural crest cells?

A

Ectomesenchyme
Neuroectoderm

46
Q

What does the 1st branchial groove develop into?

A

External auditory canal

47
Q

What does the 1st branchial pouch develop into?

A

Eustachian tube

48
Q

What does the 2nd branchial pouch develop into?

A

Palatine tonsils

49
Q

What does the 3rd branchial pouch develop into?

A

Inferior parathyroids/thymus

50
Q

What does the 4th branchial pouch develop into?

A

Superior parathyroids/ultimobranchial body

51
Q

What are processes of the face?

A

mandibular process
maxillary process
lateral nasal process
median nasal process

52
Q

When does development of the face and oral cavity occur?

A

Fetal development period - 9 weeks to term

53
Q

Where is the development of the palate?

A

Hard palate and closes posteriorly

54
Q

What results in a cleft lip?

A

Defective fusion of the medial nasal process with the maxillary process

55
Q

When do the medial nasal process with the maxillary process fuse?

A

5-6 weeks of gestation

56
Q

When does fusion of the palatine shelves begin and complete?

A

During 8th week of gestation and completed by the 12th week

57
Q

Name the percents of frequency of combined cleft lip/palate and isolated cleft lip and palate

A

45% combined
30% isolated cleft palate
25% isolated cleft lip

58
Q

What is the frequency of cleft lip/palate among populations?

A

1 in 500 chinese, japanese, native american
1 in 700 caucasian
1 in 500 afro-american

59
Q

How prevalent is cleft palate?

A

1 in 2,500 births

60
Q

If one child is born with cleft lip, there is a _____ change of a second child exhibiting the same

A

40%

61
Q

What teratogens are involved in congenital malformations

A

Drugs-
Ethanol
Tetracyclcine
Dilantin
Lithium
Methotrexate
Warfarin
Thalidomide
Androgens
Progesterone
Retinoic Acid
Chemicals-
Methylmercury
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Radiation-
high levels of ionizing radiation

62
Q

Where does the nasopalatine duct cyst develop at?

A

Line of fusion between palatine shelves and primary plate

63
Q

When does the cervical sinus remain past and doing so what can it cause?

A

Remains past 7th week; can cause lateral cervical cyst aka branchial cleft cyst aka branchial fistula

64
Q

What does the branchial arch #1 create?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

65
Q

What does the branchial arch #2 create?

A

Overgrown by the hypobranchial eminence

66
Q

What does the branchial arch #3 create?

A

posterior 1/3 of the tongue

67
Q

What does the branchial arch #4 create?

A

Minor contributions

68
Q

What cranial nerve and tongue structure is related to arch #1?

A

Trigeminal (C-V); sensory to the anterior 2/3

69
Q

What cranial nerve and tongue structure is related to arch #2?

A

Facial (C-VII); taste to anterior 2/3

70
Q

What cranial nerve and tongue structure is related to arch #3?

A

Glossopharyngeal (C-IX); sensory to the posterior 1/3

71
Q

What cranial nerve and tongue structure is related to arch #4?

A

Vegas (C-X); sensory to the extreme posterior 1/3 via the superior laryngela branch

72
Q

What cranial nerve and tongue structure is related to arch #6?

A

Hypoglossal (C-XII); motor to all tongue muscles

73
Q

What is median rhomboid glossitis a result of?

A

Fungal infection

74
Q

What is a failure of thyroglossal duct to involute?

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

75
Q

Where is the thyroglossal duct cyst located?

A

Midline of neck

76
Q

What part of the face does the 1st arch make?

A

Mandible, maleus, incus

77
Q

What part of the face does the 2nd arch make?

A

Stapes, stylodi process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid

78
Q

What part of the face does the 3rd arch make?

A

Greater horn of hyoid

79
Q

What part of the face does the 4th arch make?

A

thyroid cartilage

80
Q

How many auricular hilocks form the ear?

A

6

D1 Spring - Histopathology (14 decks)

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