Week 8: Memory and WMS-IV Flashcards
What is implicit or procedural memory?
Regulates behaviour change on an unconscious level.
Memories which are unconscious and automatic, such as tasks that you do on autopilot, e.g. driving, showering.
The information which can be performed rather than declared.
What is episodic memory?
Type of LTM
A type of memory which revolves around certain events, timelines. e.g. a 30th birthday party, birth of a child
What is declarative or explicit memory?
Type of LTM
Recollection of certain facts and concepts on a conscious level.
Information which can be declared rather than performed.
What elements make up the Working Memory Model?
Phonological Loop (PL)
Visuospatial Sketchpad (VS)
Central Executive System
Who created the Information Processing Model of Memory?
Atkison and Shiffin, 1968
Based on Atkison and Shiffon’s model, how is information lost?
Can be lost at any stage of the process.
Usually lost if it is not very important or if something traumatic occurs, which interferes with memory consolidation
What stages are involved in the process of memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is the 9th most used assessment tool by clinical psychologists?
WMS-IV
What is pseudodementia?
Memory impairment as a result of depression.
Different from dementia.
What sorts of memory complaints are children likely to have?
Will be related to learning disabilities and attentional problems
What sorts of memory complaints are adults like to have?
Typically issues related to head injuries and neurotoxic exposure
When was the original Wechsler Memory Scale introduced?
1945
What does the Brief Cognitive Status subtest involve?
Confirming today’s date, counting backwards, drawing a clock, recall of objects, verbal production.
Total score provide estimate of any major cognitive impairment.
What does the Logical Memory subtest involve?
I: Two short stories are read out and the person is asked to recall as many details as possible.
Older adults are only provided one story.
II: Asked to recall the details of the stories again, then asked yes/no questions about the stories.
What does the Verbal Paired Associates subtest involve?
I: a list of paired words is read out. Then only the 1st word from each pair is read out. Person has to recall the 2nd word from each pair.
II: the 2nd word of each pair is read out. Person has to recall the 2nd work again.
Then a list of paired words is read out. Person has to confirm which pairs were in the original list vs. new.
Optional: person to recall as many of the pairs as possible.
What does the Designs subtest include?
I: A series of designs is placed on a grid. Grid is removed and a new set of designs is presented. Person has to identify where on the grid the original designs belong.
II: Designs and grids are shown, person is asked to reproduce original placement of designs on the grid. Then asked to recognise which designs are the same as those in the first condition (I).
What does the Visual Reproduction subtest involve?
I: 5 designs are shown for 10 seconds. Person must then draw designs from memory.
II: Asked to draw the original designs from memory. Then asked to ID which of the 5 designs on a page match the original designs.
Optional: are shown the original designs and asked to draw them.
What does the Spatial Addition subtest involve?
Shown two grids with red and blue circles. Asked to add or subtract the location of the circles, using a set of rules.
What does the Symbol Span subtest involve?
Shown a series of abstract symbols. then shown a different series of symbols. Asked to ID the correct order of symbols as per the original set.
What level of reliability does the WMS-IV have?
Good - excellent reliability
Which subtest has the best reliability for the WMS-IV?
Visual Reproduction II (.97)
What memory processes does the Brief Cognitive Status subtest measure?
Gross cognitive impairment
What memory processes do the Logical Memory subtests measure?
I: ST - auditory-visual memory
II: LT - auditory-visual recall
LT - auditory-verbal recognition
What memory processes do the Verbal Paired Associates subtests measure?
I: ST - auditory learning
II: LT - auditory memory
LT - auditory recognition
LT - auditory recall information
What memory processes do the Designs subtests measure?
I: ST - spatial memory
II: LT - visuospatial memory
LT - visual recognition
What memory processes do the Visual Reproduction subtests measure?
I: ST - visual memory
II: LT - visual memory
LT - visual recall
- visuospatial construction
What memory processes does the Spatial Addition subtest measure?
Visual-spatial working memory
What memory processes does the Symbol Span subtest measure?
Visual-sequencing working memory
What level of validity does the WMS-IV have?
A wide number of correlations with similar measures support the validity of the WMS-IV
Which tests should you never administer Symbol Span between?
Between Visual Reproduction I and II
How long is the average test time for the adult version of the WMS-IV?
82 minutes
How long in the average test time for the older adult version of the WMS-IV?
50 minutes
What is an appropriate way to demonstrate enthusiasm when administering the WMS-IV?
You’re working hard
What is an inappropriate way to respond when a person does poorly on a subtest?
You did not do well on this one
What is an appropriate response when the person says ‘You do it’ in a WMS-IV assessment?
I want to see how well you can do it for yourself
What are some acceptable prompts to use during WMS-IV?
Tell me more about that
Explain what you mean
Just try once more
Let’s go on
What does P mean in terms of a notation on a record form for the WMS-IV?
Prompt
A prompt was used to get the person to respond
What does NR mean in terms of a notation on a record form for the WMS-IV?
No Response
The person made no response, either verbal or gestural to an item
What does DK mean in terms of a notation on a record form for the WMS-IV?
Don’t Know
The person said they don’t know or shook their head
What does R mean in terms of a notation on a record form for the WMS-IV?
Repetition
The directions or an item were repeated at the person’s request
What does SC mean in terms of a notation on a record form for the WMS-IV?
Self Correct
The person gave an incorrect response but corrected the response without prompting
Memory assessment is generally done by psychologists with an expertise in….
Neuropsychology
What is required to ensure proper interpretation of WMS-IV?
A complex array of skills
