Week 8 Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What did patient HM get for his seizures and what type of amnesia did it result in?

A

temporal lobotomy that resulted in anterograde amnesia

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2
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Can not form new memories (in HM’s case, LTMs)

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3
Q

What was removed in HM’s temporal lobotomy?

A

Temporal lobes - amygdala, entorhinal cortex and hippocampi (bilateral)

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4
Q

What are the types of memory and how long do they last?

A

Sensory - ms to sec
ST&WM - sec to min
LTND - days to years
LTD - days to years

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5
Q

What are the mechanisms of loss for all memory types?

A

Sen - primarily decay
STM - primarily decay
LTND - primarily interference
LTD - primarily interference

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6
Q

What are the types of declarative memory (explicit memory)?

A

Episodic memory and semantic memory

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7
Q

What are the types of non-declarative memory (implicit memory)?

A

procedural, perceptual representation, classical condition and non-associative learning

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8
Q

What is encoding?

A

The process that turns incoming information into memory traces to be stored.

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9
Q

What are the steps of encoding?

A
  1. a) Acquisition (some sensory info sent to STM out of heaps)
    b) Consolidation (changes in the brain stabilize the memory over time)
  2. Storage (permanent record of the information)
  3. Retrieval (using stored info to create conscious representation or execute learned behaviour
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10
Q

What areas of the brain are involved in memory?

A

Hippocampus, surrounding perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal cortex and subcortical structures.

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11
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

loss of episodic and semantic memory prior to brain damage

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12
Q

What is temporally limited and temporal gradient (Ribot’s law)?

A

TL: retrograde amnesia can extend back a few minutes or hours
TG: retrograde amnesia tends to be greatest for most recent events

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13
Q

What is the Atkinson and Shriffrin modal model of memory?

A

Sensory inputs
Sensory register (attention)
Short-term storage (rehearsal)
Long-term storage

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14
Q

What is the Baddeley and Hitch model of working memory?

A

Visuospatial sketch pad
Central executive
Phonological loop

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15
Q

What is delay and trace conditioning?

A

Delay: the us begins while the cs is still present
Trace: there is a time gap between and thus memory trace is necessary for associated to be made between cs and us

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16
Q

What is habituation and sensitization?

A

H: response to stimulus decreases over time
S: response increase with repeated presentations of the stimulus

17
Q

What does the parahippocampal and the perirhinal areas receive and send to what?

A

Receives info from the visual, auditory and somatosensory association cortex and sends it to the hippocampus

18
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

The phenomenon of strengthening synaptic connections therefore creating larger post synaptic responses later on. NMDA is the major contributor to LTP

19
Q

How many pulses does it take to induce a long term potential?

A

100 or so

20
Q

What is long term depression?

A

this occurs when pulses are presented slowly.