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Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) > Week 8 Lecture 12 - Mood > Flashcards

Week 8 Lecture 12 - Mood Flashcards

1
Q

What is Mood?

A

affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life.

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2
Q

What does the concept of mood overlap with?

A

emotion

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3
Q

Beedie, Terry & Lane (2005) tried to determine the conceptual separation between mood and emotion.

What perspective did they take?

A

“Folk Psychology perspective”

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4
Q

Beedie, Terry & Lane (2005) tried to determine the conceptual separation between mood and emotion.

What was the method?

A
  • Asked 106 participants from a range of (non-psychology) professions (snowball sampling): What do you believe is the difference between an emotion and a mood?

Comparison with Academic Literature:
- 65 published articles distinguishing between mood and emotion

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5
Q

Beedie, Terry & Lane (2005) tried to determine the conceptual separation between mood and emotion.

What was found?

A

Clear conceptual distinction, but:
- Some criteria require testing.
- Interactions between the two.
- Not universally agreed.
- Terminology used inconsistently in the literature…

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6
Q

What are mood traits?

A
  • Dispositions of mood
  • Reflect capacity and tendency to experience mood states
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7
Q

True or false?

Mood is moderately stable over time

A

True

  • Costa et al collected data on mood over a period of 10 years
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8
Q

True or false?

There are characteristic patterns of variability of mood states

A

True

  • McConville and Cooper –> some people vary more or are more stable in their mood (patterns)
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9
Q

Watson and Tellegen (1985):
Reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings

What did they determine about the structure of mood?

A

Two (at least partly) orthogonal dimensions:
- Positive Affect (PA)
- Negative Affect (NA)

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10
Q

What is positive affect (Watson and Tellegen,1985)?

A
  • The extent to which an individual feels a positive zest for life
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11
Q

What is negative affect (Watson and Tellegen,1985)?

A
  • related to feelings of unpleasant arousal
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12
Q

Larsen et al. (2001) examined co-activation of happiness and sadness:
- 189 Participants
- ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching ‘tragic comedy’ film

What was found?

A

After film:
- evidence of co-activation
- ‘Bittersweetness’

  • Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)
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13
Q

Larsen et al. (2001) examined co-activation of happiness and sadness:
- 189 Participants
- ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching ‘tragic comedy’ film

They also gave some other examples of when the positive and negative emotions co-occur - name them

A
  • ‘Dorm’ move out day
  • Graduation
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14
Q

Larsen et al. (2001) examined co-activation of happiness and sadness:
- 189 Participants
- ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching ‘tragic comedy’ film

What is a more recent study that supports these findings?

A

Conrad et al. (2019):
- 16% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect bittersweet feelings.
- “It makes me feel sad. But not the bad kind of sad, and I like singing with it.”

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15
Q

Matthew, Jones and Chamberlain (1990) factor analysed responses to 48 item ‘University of Wales Institute of Science & Technology Mood Adjective Checklist’ (UMACL)

What was found/produced?

A

Three-dimensional model of mood:
- tense arousal (anxious to calm)
- energetic arousal (active to idle)
- hedonic arousal (pleased to low-spiritied)

  • Hedonic tone modestly associated with arousal scales.
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16
Q

What did Diener (2000) define happiness as?

A

‘Happiness’ = Positive Affect – Negative Affect

17
Q

What do most methods for assessing individual differences in mood involve?

A

retrospective judgements

18
Q

Are retrospective judgements subject to bias?

A
  • yes
    subject to bias from:
  • your memory
  • Your current mood
  • Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
  • Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
  • Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
19
Q

Areni and Burger (2008) investigated cultural mood stereotypes

  • Do beliefs about our typical moods fit with cultural stereotypes about days of the week?
  • 202 participants recruited into an online study.
  • All in full-time employment

What questions were ppts asked?

A

Think of the time when you first wake up in the morning…
- On what morning of the week are you typically in your best mood?
- On what morning of the week are you typically in your worst mood?

Think of that period in the evening after dinner but before you go to sleep…
- On what evening of the week are you typically in your best mood?
- On what evening of the week are you typically in your worst mood

20
Q

Areni and Burger (2008) investigated cultural mood stereotypes

  • Do beliefs about our typical moods fit with cultural stereotypes about days of the week?
  • 202 participants recruited into an online study.
  • All in full-time employment

What was found?

A
  • worst moods were Monday mornings and evenings
  • best moods were Friday evenings and Saturday mornings
  • fits the stereotypical pattern
21
Q

In a second study, Areni and Burger (2008) investigated:

  • Do mood stereotypes reflect actual moods experienced?
  • Do mood stereotypes influence memories of previous mood?
  • 351 ppts were recruited

What was the method?

A

Days 1-7:
- Daily momentary mood assessments
- What is your mood like right now?

Day 8:
- Mood stereotypes
- What is your mood like on a typical Wednesday / Thursday / etc ?

Day 8:
- Retrospective mood assessments
- What was your mood like last Wednesday / Thursday? etc

22
Q

In a second study, Areni and Burger (2008) investigated:

  • Do mood stereotypes reflect actual moods experienced?
  • Do mood stereotypes influence memories of previous mood?
  • 351 ppts were recruited

What was found?

A
  • Little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
  • For Mondays: Mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
23
Q

Schwartz and Clore (1983) investigated the effects of current mood:

  • Telephone interview with participants on sunny or rainy days.

What did they ask ppts?

A
  • ‘How happy do you feel at this moment? (1-10)
  • ‘How happy do you feel about you life as a whole?’ (1-10)
24
Q

Schwartz and Clore (1983) investigated the effects of current mood:

  • Telephone interview with participants on sunny or rainy days.

What was found?

A
  • mean happiness and global life happiness ratings were higher on sunny days compared to rainy days
25
Q

What is Peak-End theory?

A
  • a cognitive bias that impacts how people remember past events
  • Intense positive or negative moments (the “peaks”) and the final moments of an experience (the “end”) are heavily weighted in our mental calculus
26
Q

Redelmeier and Kahneman, 1996 demonstrated peak-end theory in relation to remembering pain.

What was found?

A
  • Patients’ retrospective ratings were strongly influenced by Peak and End experiences.
  • Lower correlations with duration of experiences (‘duration neglect’).
27
Q

Chajut et al. (2014) recruited 324 pregnant women on entering delivery dept

  • Momentary pain reports every 20 minutes until birth
  • Retrospective pain ratings (of entire period) taken 2 days/months later

What was found?

A

Average of peak and end pain ratings stronger predictors of remembered pain ratings than actual average levels of pain experienced

28
Q

Ganzach & Yaor (2019) explored asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect

What was found?

A
  • Negative influenced more by peak experiences
  • positive by end experiences
29
Q

What are contemporaneous mood assessments?

A

Mood collected contemporaneously with the experience

30
Q

What are some benefits of contemporaneous mood assessments?

A
  • Accurate snapshot of mood state
  • Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
  • Temporal precision
31
Q

What are some limitations of contemporaneous mood assessments?

A
  • A single snapshot only
  • Interfere with everyday activities

Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences:
- …which influence future behaviour;
- … inform our sense of wellbeing;
- .. and contribute to our sense of who we are!

Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) (11 decks)

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