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Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) > Week 3 Lecture 5 - narrow personality traits > Flashcards

Week 3 Lecture 5 - narrow personality traits Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hierarchy of personality description?

A
  • personality description can vary on different levels
  • lower level facets, trait level, higher level 2 traits, 1 general personality factor
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2
Q

What was Digman’s Alpha and Beta factors?

A

Alpha = stability
- High stability was made up of high agreeableness, high conscientiousness and low neuroticism

Beta = plasticity
- high plasticity was made up of high extraversion and high openness

  • meaningful higher level of personality description
  • believed that trait levels (big 5) were not entirely independent
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3
Q

What is Musek General Personality Factor (Big 1)?

A
  • Captures common variance across all of the Big 5 traits
  • combination of positive traits –> e.g., socially desirable, social effectiveness, meets trails of life
  • may be a response artefact –> measure of how ppts respond in socially desirable ways on questionnaires
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4
Q

What is the hierarchy of personality description similar to?

A
  • a microscope
  • measuring personality at different levels of description is like choosing how closely to zoom in
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5
Q

What is the Bandwidth-Fidelity Dilemma?

A
  • trade-off between breadth and accuracy of prediction

Broader, higher-level descriptors:
- predict more behaviours
- lower accuracy

Narrower, lower-level descriptors:
- predict fewer behaviours
- more accurate

-Which approach you choose should depend on your overall goal

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6
Q

What do lower-level descriptors do?

A
  • provide narrower, richer descriptions
  • are stronger predictors of specific behaviours
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7
Q

Paunonen & Ashton had 717 students complete the Big 5 scale.

What did they do, find and conclude?

A
  • looked at correlations between final grades and pre-selected big factors and “lower level” traits
  • found that lower level traits were more strongly correlated with final grades than the chosen factors
  • different levels become more/less appropriate depending on behaviour in question
  • broader behaviours should be viewed on a trait level but specific behaviours may be better viewed on a facet level
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8
Q

What are holistic models of entire personality?

A
  • aim for simple model of entire personality space
  • fewer, broader traits
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9
Q

What are narrow models of specific part(s) of personality?

A
  • focus on part of personality relevant to specific behaviour
  • specific, narrow traits
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10
Q

What are the criteria for authoritarianism?

A
  • Preference for unambiguous, familiar routines.
  • Strong views on crime and punishment.
  • Respect for institutions.
  • Uncritical acceptance of authority in society.
  • Reluctance to introspect.
  • Belief that pleasure is wrong.
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11
Q

What evidence is there for authoritarianism as a personality trait rather than attitude?

A
  • Bouchard et al. (2003): Evidence for heritability of conservatism from twins reared apart (twin study design)
  • Amodio et al. (2007): Conservatism associated with decreased neural response to supressing a habitual response in Go/No-Go task (and lower response accuracy).
  • authoritarianism is seen as partly genetic with some biological basis in the brain suggesting it is a part of stable personality
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12
Q

What is the go / no-go task?

A
  • Clap your hands every time you see the letter M (Go trials).
  • Make no response when you see the letter W (No-Go trials)
  • Brain activity during No-Go trials reflects neural response to signals that require a non-routine response
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13
Q

What is the continuity hypothesis?

A

there is no discontinuity between ‘normality’ and (mental) illness

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14
Q

Based on the continuity hypothesis, what should we be able to find?

A
  • personality traits in non-clinical populations that are related to psychosis
  • traits are normally distributed e.g., more depressive tendencies = more likely to develop depressive disorder
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15
Q

What is schizotypy?

A
  • correlated items based on clinical descriptions of schizophrenia.
  • Reflects genetic/biological vulnerability to psychosis.
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16
Q

What is the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings (O-LIFE)?

A
  • Based on factor analysis of several measures of psychosis-related symptoms
  • 4 factors
17
Q

What are the 4 factors of O-LIFE?

A
  • unusual experiences
  • cognitive disorganisation
  • introvertive anhedonia
  • impulsive nonconformity
18
Q

What is unusual experiences (O-LIFE)?

A
  • Related to perceptual distortions, hallucinations, and magical thinking.
  • e.g., Are your thoughts sometimes so strong you can almost hear them?
19
Q

What is cognitive disorganisation (O-LIFE)?

A
  • Related to cognitive difficulties, sense of purposelessness, anxiety etc.
  • e.g., Are you sometimes so nervous that you are blocked?
20
Q

What is introvertive anhedonia (O-LIFE)?

A
  • Related to lack of enjoyment from social sources, and dislike of intimacy.
  • e.g., Are you much too independent to really get involved with people?
21
Q

What is impulsive nonconformity (O-LIFE)?

A
  • Related to impulsive and disinhibited behaviour.
  • e.g., Do you ever have the urge to break or smash things?
22
Q

What is an example of a measure of schizotypy?

A
  • Raine (1991): Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)
  • Items developed to capture the nine features of schizotypal personality disorder (DSM-III-R)
23
Q

What evidence is there for the validity of schizotypy?

A

Steel, Hemsley & Jones (1996) (based on Stroop test):
- 3 conditions –> baseline condition, Stroop condition (distractor word unrelated to next ink colour), Priming condition (distractor word predicts next ink colour)
- negative priming makes answering next item harder as it inhibits that word

  • found reduced negative priming in high schizotypy scores
  • in Sz, cognitive inhibition is reduced as people with Sz show smaller NP effect due to the brain being less effective at inhibiting the colour name in the Stroop condition
  • therefore there is a smaller difference between the Stroop condition and the Priming condition as less inhibition in the first place means less additional interference in the NP condition
  • same is found for trait schizotypy
24
Q

What is negative priming?

A
  • a measure of cognitive inhibition
  • is reduced in Sz
25
Q

How is a negative priming effect calculated?

A

priming - Stroop scores

26
Q

What is a summary of Machiavelli’s principles?

A
  • Better to be feared than loved.
  • Trust no one.
  • Make decisions for the benefit of the group, with the absence of morality. The ends justify the means.
  • Be cunning and strong.
  • Make friends with powerful people.
  • Importance of how you appear to be.
27
Q

Christie and Geis developed the Mach scales to describe what?

A

the manipulative “Machiavellian” personality

28
Q

What is Christie and Geis’ Mach-IV?

A
  • 20 items on a Likert-type response
    Split into 3 main factors:
  • Tactics –> e.g.,
    The best way to handle people is to tell them what they want to hear
  • Views –> e.g.,
    Generally speaking, men won’t work hard unless forced to do so
  • Morality –> e.g.,
    All in all, it is better to be humble and honest than important and dishonest (-ve)
29
Q

A series of studies were conducted to validate the Mach-IV scale

Give an example of one

A
  • Confederates encouraged participant to cheat on experimental task
  • Amount of eye contact with experimenter measured following accusation of cheating
  • hypothesised that individuals high in M would be better at maintaining eye contact after like –> study results confirmed this
30
Q

What is the Dark Triad?

A
  • Three overlapping, yet distinct, ‘dark’ personality traits relating to social malevolence, coldness, aggressiveness, self-promotion and duplicity
    -Psychopathy, Narcissism and Machiavellianism
31
Q

What is Narcissism?

A
  • Feelings of grandiosity, superiority, dominance, self-focus and entitlement.
  • Subclinical measure of Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
32
Q

What is Psychopathy?

A
  • Nonclinical features of psychopaths.
  • Impulsivity and thrill-seeking.
  • Superficial charm, manipulative.
  • Low empathy, remorse and guilt.
33
Q

What do correlations between the dark triad suggest?

A

moderate correlations suggesting that are related but distinct / independent

34
Q

What does the “dirty dozen” measure of the dark triad suggest?

A
  • 12 items
  • further evidence that these 3 traits are independent from each other and worthy of investigation in their own right
35
Q

What has the dark triad been associated with?

A
  • Preference for short-term relationships
  • ‘Night-time’ chronotype
  • Cruelty to animals
  • Attractiveness to others
  • suggestion that “sadism” may also be a factor to include making the triad a tetrad
36
Q

How does the Dark triad correlate with other Big trait models?

A
  • moderate correlations with the Big 5 suggesting that the Dark Triad cannot be fully accounted for by any one of these factors
  • Shared ‘dark triad’ variance correlates up to -.94 with Honesty/humility on the HEXACO model –> suggests that Big 5 model may need to include a 6th factor

Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) (11 decks)

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