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Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) > Week 10 Lecture 15 - motivation > Flashcards

Week 10 Lecture 15 - motivation Flashcards

1
Q

What is motivation?

A

An internal state that:
- Drives people into action
- Energizes, directs, and perpetuates behaviour
- Is directed towards the satisfaction of needs/drives
- If unsatisfied, will generate a state of physiological or psychological arousal (or both).
- Is dynamic rather than static.

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2
Q

Is motivation an individual difference?

A

yes

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3
Q

What is motivation linked with?

A

important life outcomes

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4
Q

What is the relationship between personality and motivation?

A

relationship is unclear and debated

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5
Q

What is Murray’s (1938) model of motivation?

A

need –> motive –> behaviour

Primary needs:
- biological in nature e.g., air, food, water

Secondary needs:
- derived from biology and/or psychological e.g., nurturance and achievement

Press:
- external situations and events
- can work to increase or decrease the strength of the motive

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6
Q

What did Chamorro-Premuzic (2013) note about more recent models of motivation?

A

More recent models include goals
- especially to distinguish motivation from mood.

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7
Q

How many secondary/ psychogenic needs did Murray suggest? What were these based on?

A

20 Psychogenic Needs (plus 7 provisional needs) proposed on basis of extensive data collection (interviews, observations, childhood memories etc.) from 50 participants

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8
Q

Give some examples of secondary/ psychogenic needs proposed by Murray

A

Need for Achievement
Need for Nurturance
Need for Affiliation
Need for Order
Need for Aggression
Need for Play

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9
Q

What is a criticism of the secondary/ psychogenic needs proposed by Murray?

A
  • 27 needs was too many
    Most research now focuses on three secondary Needs:
  • Need for Achievement;
  • Need for Affiliation;
  • Need for Power
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10
Q

What is McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s)

A
  • 3 basic secondary needs:

Need for achievement
- desire to mater skills, do thing well, accomplish goals etc.

Need for affiliation
- desire to form relationships and spend time with others

Need for power
- desire to influence and control others

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11
Q

What was McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s) measured with?

A
  • Measured with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
  • Projective tests considered appropriate for motivation research due to implicit nature of motives
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12
Q

What are some potential sub components of the secondary needs [Schultheiss (2008)]?

A

Secondary needs may be better represented as a hope and fear sub component

e.g.,
Need for achievement –> hope for success vs. fear of failure

Need for power –> hope of power vs. fear of weakness

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13
Q

Hill (1987)
Looked at the different subtypes of motives e.g., need for affiliation

What did he do?

A

Developed a self report measure
Items loaded onto 4 different subtypes of need for affiliation

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14
Q

Hill (1987)
Developed a self report measure
Items loaded onto 4 different subtypes of need for affiliation

What were these subtypes?

A

Need for:
- emotional support
- positive stimulation
- attention from others
- social comparison

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15
Q

Hill (1987)
Developed a self report measure
Items loaded onto 4 different subtypes of need for affiliation

What do scores from this measure show?

A
  • scores show differential correlation with ratings of behavioural intentions
  • supports idea that these separate components exist
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16
Q

For people that are high in need for achievement, what is their preference?

A
  • Preference for tasks of moderate difficulty, that indicate ability
  • Preference for work settings with frequent feedback on current vs previous performance.
17
Q

What are some correlates of high need for achievement?

A

Individual level:
- Entrepreneurial success and innovation
- Poor leadership and managerial skills

Societal/ historic level:
- Economic growth and innovation
- Civil war and ineffective leadership

18
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961) Estimated societal level of ‘need for achievement’ in England from 1501-1830

What was their method?

A
  • content analysis of popular literature
  • Took sample of popular, ‘imaginative’ and ‘fanciful’ literature from each time period.
  • Scored extracts for ‘achievement imagery (inter-rate reliability ~ .96).
  • Estimated economic activity through coal imports
19
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961) Estimated societal level of ‘need for achievement’ in England from 1501-1830

What was their hypothesis?

A

increased level of population level of need for achievement would be followed by observable increased economic growth in the country

20
Q

Bradburn and Berlew (1961) Estimated societal level of ‘need for achievement’ in England from 1501-1830

What was found?

A

increased needs for achievement were followed (about 50 years later) by increased coal imports in London

21
Q

What can need for power reflect?

A

Schultheiss (2008):
- Can reflect desire to influence and have impact, not necessarily just dominate and control

  • Can also be expressed through generativity e.g.
    Winter (1973): Individuals high in Need for Power more attracted by jobs involving teaching

Peterson and Stuart (1996): High Need for Power (in females) correlated with larger families, and greater involvement in parenting.

22
Q

What are some correlates of high need for power?

A

Individual level:
- Higher testosterone levels
- Higher sexual activity and aggression
- Managerial, leadership and career success

Societal/ historic level:
- Increase in war and arms
- Effective leadership

23
Q

Spangler and House (1991):
Do previous findings of links between high need or power with effective managerial, political, and leadership success extend to presidential performance?

What was the method? What was measured?

A
  • Motives estimated from previous coding of US Presidents’ inaugural speeches.
  • Presidential Performance’ indicators measured by e.g. war entry; war avoidance; perceived ‘greatness’; great decisions cited etc.
24
Q

Spangler and House (1991):
Do previous findings of links between high need or power with effective managerial, political, and leadership success extend to presidential performance?

What was found?

A
  • Indicators of ‘Presidential Performance’ predicted by high Need for Power (and lower Needs for Achievement and Affiliation).
  • Authors argue that results unlikely due to e.g. reverse causation; bias in coding motives or presidential performance etc.
25
Q

What are some correlates of high need for affiliation?

A

individual level:
- Like similar others, but dislike dissimilar others

societal/ historic level:
- Peace and disarmament
- Political scandal

26
Q

Langer and Winter (2001): investigated importance of concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts.

What was the method?

A
  • Undergraduates responded to letter relating to Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • Letters coded for concessions and Needs
27
Q

Langer and Winter (2001): investigated importance of concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts.

What was found?

A
  • Need for Affiliation positively related to concessions.
  • Need for Power negatively related to concessions.
28
Q

What pathway did Schultheiss (2008): suggest for how need for power affects the body?

A

see summary sheet

29
Q

McClelland, Alexander & Marks (1982) investigated the negative health effects of need for power

What was the method and measures?

A

133 male prison inmates participated.

  • Thematic Apperception Test (4 brief stories). Coded for Need for Power and Need for Affiliation
  • Number of stressors experienced
  • Number and severity of illnesses in past 12 months (1-100 per illness)
  • Saliva sample to measure salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) as an indicator of immune functioning
30
Q

McClelland, Alexander & Marks (1982) investigated the negative health effects of need for power

What was found?

A

Individuals with a high need for power compared to need for affiliation AND had a high number of stressors:
- had highest illness severity
- had lowest immune functioning

31
Q

What are some health effects of need for power?

A

McClelland (1989): It is the ‘Stressed power motive’ that is associated with poorer health.
Schultheiss (2008, pp 616): High need for power per se is “not a general vulnerability for impaired health.”

  • it is not the need for power that leads to poorer health, it is a combination of the motive and how that motive is achieved (stress)
32
Q

What pathway does need for affiliation take concerning health?

A

Associated with parasympathetic activity, and increased immune functioning.
Generally positive effects on health.

(see summary sheet)

33
Q

McClelland & Kirshnit (1988) investigated the need for affiliation in regards to health

What was the method? What was measured?

A
  • 132 student participants.
  • Needs measured using TAT before and after watching one of two short films.
  • Need for affiliation group primed further in post-film writing task about love and caring.
  • Levels of S-IgA measured before and after the film.
  • Also measured illness experienced that year.
34
Q

McClelland & Kirshnit (1988) investigated the need for affiliation in regards to health

What was found?

A
  • evidence for protective effects of need for affiliation
  • no overall effect of change in need for power
  • sub-group with “inhibited power motive syndrome” –> showed reduction in SIG-A after WWII film
  • no link between reactive increase in SIG-A and illness history
35
Q

What does the sub-group label “inhibited power motive syndrome” mean?

A

high in need for power
low in need for affiliation
high in inhibition

Personality and Individual Differences (y2s2) (11 decks)

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