Week 8 - Girl Offenders Flashcards
Biology and Physiology
Define the Chivarly Hypothesis
- The Chivarly Hypothesis is a differential reinforcement by a system towards girls/women
- Women in the Criminal Justice System tend to receive more lenient sentences than males
- They are official records
What are some problems with the Chivarly Hypothesis?
It is not equal for all females
White females benefit from this, Poor and Black, indigenous or people of colour do not
What is the Power-Control Theory
Traditional family
- Traditional Roles
- Working-class household
- Daughter socialization and supervises
- Delinquency - Daughters are less delinquent and sons are more delinquent
Modern
- Non-Traditional Roles
- Middle-class household
- Daughter socialization
- Daughters have more delinquency and sons have less
Criticism
- Evidence is mixed
- Theory is sexist
Shoplifting
- Shoplifting offences are committed in the company of others, to impress friends
- For girls, they are viewed as a “pink collar” offence or a “girls” offence
- Boys more frequently; more supportive friends
- Girls steal more per incidence and they start earlier
Status Offences
Minor offences; runaways, and sexual activities
Court: Supervision for girls (more formal)
Boys were corrected with discipline from home
Boys were 8 months vs girls were 2 years, more visits with authorities
Girls were immoral and boys were frustrated and aggressive
Status offence replacement - admin offences for example breaching court orders and failure to comply
Under YOA - for own good rather than the crime itself (“paternalism”)
The new way they replace the status offence with it failure to comply
Bad Boys or Poor Parents
- Prior Relationships (partners) Boys vs Girls: Boys dated more for less time than girls
- Risky Behaviour: Boys are more likely (ex: one night stands, cheating, multiple partners)
- Current Relationships: girls have bigger age differences
- Partners ASE and parental warmth: stronger offending when warmth was high
- Girls delinquency: father warmth was high and partners ASE - more delinquent
- Boys Delinquency: high levels of ASE and high maternal warmth - more delinquency
- Girl Offending: significant effect from boyfriend - ASE engaged in more
Family Issues - Aboriginals vs Non-Aboriginals
The biggest differences were alcoholism and foster care. They both were higher for Aboriginal girls
Adultification - Who is affected
It is how adults perceive children - often based on race
Black girls and boys are mostly affected
Discipline for Black Girls in School
- Many of them were suspended.
- Some were referred to the police
- Many have multiple suspensions
